Malemba ndi mayina a mayiko a dziko lapansi

Dziko lamakono liri lalikulu kwambiri komanso losiyana. Mukayang'ana mapu a ndale a dziko lathu lapansi, mukhoza kuwerengera mayiko 230 omwe ali osiyana kwambiri. Ena a iwo ali ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri ndipo amakhala ndi theka la dzikoli, ngati silimonse, ena amakhala ang'onoang'ono m'deralo kuposa mizinda ikuluikulu padziko lapansi. M'mayiko ena chiwerengero cha anthu ndi amitundu yambiri, mwa ena anthu onse ali ndi mizu yapafupi. Madera ena ali olemera m'mabwinja, ena ayenera kuchita popanda zachilengedwe. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi wapadera ndipo ali ndi makhalidwe ake omwe, koma asayansi adatha kufotokoza zofanana zomwe zingagwirizanitse zomwezo mu magulu. Kotero, chikhalidwe cha mayiko a dziko lamakono chinalengedwa.

Lingaliro la mitundu

Monga mukudziwira, chitukuko ndi ndondomeko yowonongeka, yomwe ingathe kuchitika mosiyana, malingana ndi zomwe zimakhudza izo. Ichi ndicho chifukwa cha mayiko a dziko lapansi. Aliyense wa iwo anali ndi zochitika zina za mbiri zomwe zakhudza zamoyo zake. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo pali gulu la zizindikiro zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakumanana ndi momwe zilili ndi mayiko ena. Malingana ndi kufanana kotere, chikhalidwe cha mayiko a masiku ano amamangidwa.

Koma kafukufuku wotero sangathe kukhazikitsidwa pa chimodzi kapena ziwiri, kotero asayansi amachita ntchito yabwino yosonkhanitsa deta. Mogwirizana ndi kusanthula izi, gulu la zinthu zofanana ndilo likudziwika kuti limagwirizanitsa maiko omwewo.

Zolemba zosiyanasiyana

Zizindikiro zomwe opezazi sangaziphatikize kukhala gulu limodzi lokha, chifukwa zimakhudzana ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a moyo. Choncho, chikhalidwe cha mayiko a dziko lapansi chimazikidwa pambali zosiyana, zomwe zachititsa kuti zikhale zosiyana siyana zomwe zimadalira chisankho. Ena a iwo akuyesa chitukuko cha zachuma, ena - ndale ndi mbiri. Pali zina zomwe zimamangidwa pazokhazikika za nzika kapena malo a gawolo. Nthawi ingapangitsenso kusintha, ndipo zizindikiro zazikulu za mayiko a dziko lapansi zingasinthe. Zina mwazo zimatha, zina zimawoneka.

Mwachitsanzo, kupitirira zaka zana lonse, kugawidwa kwa chuma cha dziko lapansi kukhala chigwirizano (mgwirizano wa malonda) ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu (social economy) chomwe chinakonzedweratu chinali chofunikira kwambiri. Gulu losiyana pa nthawi imodzi ndilo lakale, lomwe linalandira ufulu ndikumayima pachiyambi cha njira yopititsira patsogolo. Koma pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, zochitika zakhala zikuwonetseratu kuti chuma cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chakhala chitatha, ngakhale chikhalire chachikulu m'mayiko ambiri. Choncho chikhalidwe ichi chinakankhidwira kumbuyo.

Meaning

Zimamveka kufunika kwa kugawidwa kwa mayiko kuchokera pa mfundo ya sayansi. Popeza izi zimathandiza asayansi kudzipangira kafukufuku wawo omwe angawononge zolakwika zachitukuko ndi njira zomwe angapewere kwa ena. Koma chikhalidwe cha maiko a dziko lapansi chili ndi phindu lalikulu. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la United Nations ndi limodzi mwa mabungwe otchuka kwambiri ku Ulaya komanso dziko lapansi - malingana ndi momwe ntchitoyi ikuyendera, ikukhazikitsa njira yothandizira ndalama ku mayiko omwe ali ofooka komanso ovuta kwambiri.

Komanso, magawanowa amapangidwa kuti aone ngozi zomwe zingakhudze chitukuko cha chuma chonse. Izi zimathandiza kuzindikira molondola kukula kwa ndalama ndi kugwirizana kwa maphwando onse pamsika. Choncho, sikuti ndizofunikira zokhazokha, koma ndizovuta, zomwe ndizofunika kwambiri pazomwe zikuchitika padziko lapansi.

Chipolopolo cha mayiko a dziko lapansi pankhani ya chitukuko cha zachuma. Lembani I

Chofala kwambiri komanso chogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndichigawo cha mayiko pa chikhalidwe cha zachuma ndi zachuma. Potsatira maziko awa, mitundu iwiri ndi yosiyana. Yoyamba mwa izi ndi mayiko otukuka. Awa ndi madera 60 omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi nzika zapamwamba za anthu, mwayi wapadera wachuma ndi chikoka chachikulu m'dziko lonse lotukuka. Koma mtundu uwu ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndipo umagawidwa m'magulu angapo:

• Zomwe zimatchedwa "zazikulu zisanu ndi ziwiri" (France, USA, Japan, Great Britain, Canada, Italy ndi Germany). Utsogoleri wa mayikowa sungatheke. Ndizo zimphona mu chuma chamdziko lonse lapansi, ali ndi ndalama zazikulu kwambiri pamtundu uliwonse ($ 10-20,000). Kukula kwa sayansi ndi sayansi m'mayiko awa kumakhala pamalo okwezeka. Mbiri ikuwonetsa kuti kale la mayiko a G-7 ndi ophatikizidwa mosagwirizana ndi makoloni, omwe amawabweretsera makina akuluakulu a zachuma. Chinthu chinanso chofala ndi kugwirizana kwa makampani m'misika yapadziko lonse.
• Mayiko ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa kuposa zomwe zili pamwambapa, koma udindo wawo m'mabwalo apadziko lonse sungatheke ndipo chaka chilichonse chimawonjezeka. GDP kwa munthu aliyense sasiyana ndi zomwe zasonyezedwa pamwambapa. Pafupifupi mayiko onse a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya angatchulidwe pano , omwe sanatchulidwepo kale. Kawirikawiri amalumikiza "zazikulu zisanu ndi ziwiri" ndikupanga ubale wawo.
• Mayiko a "kusamukira kumayiko ena", ndiwo, anapulumuka kudziko la Britain (Australia, South Africa, New Zealand). Mipingo imeneyi siinayambe kukomana ndi anthu, chifukwa chake ndale zawo ndi ndale ndizosiyana kwambiri. Israeli amatchulidwanso pano. Mkhalidwe wa chitukuko apa ndi wapamwamba kwambiri.
• Maiko a CIS ndi gulu lapadera lomwe linapangidwa pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union mu 1991. Koma ambiri a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya amakhalanso pano.

Kotero, chikhalidwe cha mayiko a mdziko mwa chitukuko cha chitukuko chiri ndi gulu loyamba lino. Atsogoleri amenewa akufanana ndi dziko lonse lapansi, ndipo amafotokoza zonse zomwe zimachitika pa dziko lonse lapansi.

Mtundu 2

Koma chikhalidwe cha mayiko a dziko lapansi pankhani ya chitukuko cha zachuma chili ndi kachigawo kakang'ono kawiri - izi ndizo zikutukuka. Malo ambiri padziko lapansili akukhala ndi mabungwe oterowo, ndipo osachepera theka la anthu amakhala pano. Mayiko oterewa alinso ogawidwa mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana:

• Maiko ofunika (Mexico, Argentina, India, Brazil). Makampaniwa akulimbikitsidwa kwambiri pano, kutumizidwa kunja sikunali kotsiriza. Ubale wa malonda uli ndi kukula kwakukulu. Koma GDP ndi yochepa pansi pano, yomwe imalepheretsa dziko kusamukira ku mtundu wina.
• Mayiko atsopano (South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan ndi ena). Mbiri ya mayiko awa ikusonyeza kuti mpaka zaka za 1980 zachuma chawo chinali chofooka, anthu ambiri anali kuchita zaulimi kapena mafakitale. Izi zinayambitsa machitidwe osagwirizana a mgwirizano wa malonda ndi mavuto a ndalama. Koma zaka makumi anai zapitazo zikusonyeza kuti mayikowa anayamba kuoneka ngati atsogoleri m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, mlingo wa GDP wawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo malonda akunja apita ku kugulitsa kwa malonda.
• Mayiko omwe amatumiza mafuta (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait ndi ena). Mayiko ambiriwa agwirizana mu bungwe lapadziko lonse la OPEC. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakhomopo ndizopamwamba kwambiri, koma chiwerengero cha chiyanjano chakhalabe pamtunda wochepa. Chuma chimayamba chifukwa cha kutumizidwa kwa mafuta ndi katundu wotengedwa kuchokera ku izo.
• Lembani zomwe zikubwerera kumbuyo mu chitukuko. Izi zikuphatikizapo mayiko ambiri omwe akutukuka.
• Mayiko osauka kwambiri ndi mayiko a Asia (Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Nepal, Yemen), Africa (Somalia, Niger, Mali, Chad), Latin America (Haiti). Izi zikuphatikizapo mau 42.

Kwachiwiri, zizindikiro ndizo umphawi, zam'mbuyomu, zida zandale zandale, kukula kwa sayansi, mankhwala ndi makampani.

Chikhalidwe cha zachuma ndi zachuma cha mayiko a dziko lapansi chimasonyeza kusiyana kwa moyo wa anthu omwe amakhala m'madera ena. Zochitika za mbiri yakale zidakhala chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko, monga ena adatha kulipira m'madera ena, pamene ena panthaŵiyo anapereka zonse zawo kwa opambana. Komanso, maganizo a anthu enieni ndi ofunikira, chifukwa m'mayiko ena omwe amabwera kudzafunafuna kusintha boma lawo, ena amangowasamalira okha.

Chiwerengero cha anthu

Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za chigawenga ndicho chikhalidwe cha mayiko a dziko lapansi ponena za chiŵerengero cha anthu. Cholinga ichi ndi chofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa ndi anthu omwe amawoneka kuti ndi ofunikira kwambiri omwe dziko lingakhale nalo. Ndiponsotu, ngati chiwerengero cha anthu chikuchepa chaka ndi chaka, izi zingachititse kutha kwa dzikoli. Choncho, chikhalidwe cha mayiko a dziko lapansi mwa manambala ndiwotchuka kwambiri. Chiwerengero cha izi ndizo:

• Malo oyambirira ndi a mtsogoleri wosadziwika - People's Republic of China ndi anthu 1,357 biliyoni. Kuchokera mu 1960 mpaka 2015, chiwerengero cha anthu a ku China chinawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi biliyoni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndondomeko yovuta ya dziko pa kubadwa kwa ana. Ngati m'mayiko ambiri mabanja akulu si olandiridwa komanso amathandizidwa ndi ndalama, ndiye kuti China saloledwa kukhala ndi ana oposa mmodzi m'banja. Pokhapokha mu 2014, ana oposa 16 miliyoni anabadwira kuno. Kotero, muzaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi, China sichidzapambana.
• Malo achiwiri ku India (anthu 1,101 biliyoni). Kuchokera mu 1960 mpaka 2015, chiwerengero cha dziko lino chinakula ndi pafupifupi biliyoni. Pa chaka chatha, panali ana 26.6 miliyoni obadwa, motero ndi chonde mudziko lino ndibwino kwambiri.
• Malo olemekezeka achitatu ku United States, koma kusiyana pakati pa mayiko awiri oyambirira ndi izi ndi zazikulu - lero ku United States pali anthu 325 miliyoni omwe amadzazidwa osati chifukwa cha kubadwa kwakukulu (mu 2014 - 4.4 miliyoni) , Komanso mothandizidwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka kusamuka (chaka chomwecho, apa 1,4 miliyoni).
• Indonesia nayenso sangadandaule za ma gene, popeza pali anthu 257 miliyoni akukhala pano. Kuwonjezeka kwachilengedwe kwa anthu okwana - 2.9 miliyoni (2014), koma ambiri akuyesera kuchoka kudziko lawo kukafuna moyo wabwino (anthu 254,700 omwe atsala mu 2014).
• Amatseka atsogoleri asanu apamwamba ku Brazil. Chiwerengerocho ndi anthu 207.4 miliyoni. Kuwonjezeka kwachilengedwe ndi 2.3 miliyoni.

Mndandanda uwu, Russia ikuyimira malo 9 ndi anthu 146.3 miliyoni. Kuwonjezeka kwachilengedwe kwa anthu ku Russia mu 2014 kunali anthu 25,000. Anthu ochepa kwambiri amakhala mu Vatican - 836, ndipo izi zimafotokozedwa mosavuta ndi malo.

Chigawo ndi malo

Chipolopolo cha mayiko a dziko ndi dera ndichinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Amagawaniza mauwa m'magulu asanu ndi awiri:

• Zimphona, dera limene limaposa makilomita 300 miliyoni. Iyi ndi Canada, China, United States, Brazil, Australia, India ndi Russia, yomwe ndi yaikulu kwambiri m'deralo yomwe ili ndi malo okwana 17.1 miliyoni ² .
• Zimakhala zazikulu - kuchokera pamtunda umodzi mpaka milioni ² . Awa ndi mayiko 21, kuphatikizapo Mexico, South Africa, Chad, Iran, Ethiopia, Argentina ndi ena.
• Zofunika - kuyambira 500,000 mpaka 1 miliyoni km ² . Komanso 21 akuti: Pakistan, Chile, Turkey, Yemen, Egypt, Afghanistan, Mozambique, Ukraine ndi ena.
• Avereji - kuyambira makilomita 100 mpaka 500,000 ² . Ndiwo mayina 56: Belarus, Morocco, Japan, New Zealand, Paraguay, Cameroon, Great Britain, Spain, Uruguay ndi ena.
• Small - kuyambira 10 mpaka 100,000 km ² . Pali mayiko 56: South Korea, Czech Republic, Serbia, Georgia, Netherlands, Costa Rica, Latvia, Togo, Qatar, Azerbaijan ndi ena.
• Small - kuyambira 1 mpaka 10,000 km ² . Awa ndi maiko 8: Trinidad ndi Tobago, Western Samoa, Cyprus, Brunei, Luxembourg, Comoros, Mauritius ndi Cape Verde.
• Microstates - mpaka 1,000 km ² . Awa ndi maiko 24: Singapore, Liechtenstein, Malta, Nauru, Tonga, Barbados, Andorra, Kiribati, Dominica ndi ena. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito ku dziko laling'ono kwambiri padziko lonse - Vatican. Amaphatikizapo malo okwana mahekitala 44 okha, omwe ali mumzinda wa Italy - Roma.

Momwemonso, maziko a mayiko akuluakulu a dziko lapansi ndi malo omwe angakhale oposa makilomita 17 miliyoni (Russia) kufikira mahekitala 44 (Vatican City). Zizindikiro izi zingasinthe chifukwa cha mikangano ya nkhondo kapena chilolezo cha gawo la dziko kuti athetse ndi kukhazikitsa dziko lawo. Choncho, izi ziwerengero zimasinthidwa.

Chiwerengero cha malo

Zambiri za chitukuko cha boma zimasankha malo ake. Ngati ili pamsewu wopita ku nyanja, ndiye kuti msinkhu wachuma ukukwera kwambiri chifukwa ndalama zimayendera kuzungulira madzi. Ngati palibe kutuluka kunyanja, phindu la gawo lino silikuwoneka. Choncho, malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili, mayiko anagawanika:

• Archipelagos ndi mayiko omwe ali pazilumba zomwe zili pafupi kwambiri (Bahamas, Japan, Tonga, Palau, Philippines ndi ena).
• Chilumba - chili m'mbali mwa chilumba chimodzi kapena zingapo zosagwirizana ndi mainland (Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Fiji, Great Britain ndi ena).
• Peninsular - zomwe ziri pa peninsula (Italy, Norway, India, Laos, Turkey, UAE, Oman ndi ena).
• Primorski - mayiko omwe ali ndi nyanja (Ukraine, USA, Brazil, Germany, China, Russia, Egypt ndi ena).
• Zomwe zili m'mayikowa zimakhala pansi (Armenia, Nepal, Zambia, Austria, Moldova, Czech Republic, Paraguay ndi ena).

Chikhalidwe cha mayiko a dziko lapansi ndi malo amodzi ndi osangalatsa komanso osiyana. Koma zili ndi zosiyana, zomwe ndi Australia, chifukwa ndi dziko lokhalo lomwe liri m'dziko lonse lapansi. Choncho, zimaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo.

Chiwerengero ndi GDP

Padziko Lonse Lapansi ndizopindulitsa zomwe dziko limodzi lingathe kubereka pachaka pa gawo lawo. Izi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamwambapa, koma ziyenera kudziwika mosiyana, popeza asayansi amanena kuti mayendedwe a zachuma a mayiko a dziko lapansi potsata GDP akuchitika kuti akhale osiyana. Monga momwe tikudziwira, pa June 1 chaka chilichonse World Bank ikukonzanso mndandanda wa mayiko malinga ndi chiwerengero cha GDP. Mitundu ya ndalama zimagawidwa mu mitundu iwiri:

• Mlingo wotsika wa ndalama (mpaka $ 1035 US kwa munthu aliyense);
• Malipiro pansipa ambiri (mpaka $ 4,085 pa munthu aliyense);
• Mphoto yapamwamba pamtunda (mpaka $ 12,615);
• Mapamwamba (kuchokera pa $ 12,616).

Mu 2013, Russian Federation, pamodzi ndi Chile, Uruguay ndi Lithuania, idasamutsidwa ku gulu la mayiko omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri. Koma, mwatsoka, pali njira yosiyana ya mayiko ena, mwachitsanzo, ku Hungary. Anabwereranso ku gawo lachitatu la magawo. Choncho, ziyenera kudziwika kuti mayiko a zachuma a GDP ndi osakhazikika kwambiri ndipo amasinthidwa chaka chilichonse.

Kupatukana kumidzi ya mizinda

Padziko lathuli kuchepa amakhalabe madera onse amene akanapatsidwa wotanganidwa ndi mzinda. Njira ya chitukuko cha dziko namwali osafikiridwa ndipo amatchedwa mizinda. The UN ali imachitika kafukufuku limeneli, chifukwa mu anali wasenza ndi gulu ndi kufanizitsa wa maiko gawo la m'tawuni mu chonse cha anthu a mkhalidwe osiyana. Dziko ano lakonzedwa kuti mzindawo unakhala malo a woipa kwambiri pa anthu. Ngakhale kwafalikira midzi awa, mizinda m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ali ndi mlingo wosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, Latin America ndi Europe achuluka kwambiri ndipo lili ndi midzi izi, koma South ndi Asia East ali ambiri akumidzi. index Izi kusinthidwa kamodzi pa zaka 3. Mu 2013, kusanja kwambiri panopa linasindikizidwa:

• Mayiko ndi 100% mizinda - Hong Kong, Nauru, Singapore ndi Monaco.
• States kuti kuposa 90% - wa San Marino, Uruguay, Venezuela, Iceland, Argentina, Malta, Qatar, Belgium ndi Kuwait.
• Pa 50% ndi 107 mitundu (Japan, Greece, Syria, Gambia, Poland, Ireland, Morocco, ndi ena).
• 18 mpaka 50% a mizinda anawona m'mayiko 65. (Bangladesh, India, Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, Afghanistan, Tonga ndi ena).
• Pansipa 18% m'mayiko 10 - Ethiopia, Trinidad ndi Tobago, Malawi, Nepal, Uganda, Liechtenstein, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, St. Lucia, ndi Burundi, lomwe lili 11,5% mizinda.

Russian Federation pa mndandanda ndi mipando 51 ndi 74,2% a mizinda. chithunzi Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri chifukwa ndi chigawo chimodzi cha vuto la zachuma cha dziko. Iwo ankaganiza m'mizinda ambiri kupanga. Ngati anthu ali makamaka chinkhoswe mu ulimi, imakamba nzika amapeza ndalama zochepa. Ngati inu mukuyang'ana pa zochitika za pa, tikhoza zindikirani kuti mayiko olemera kwambiri ndi chiwerengero wapatali wa mizinda, koma iwonso mafakitale.

Choncho dziko lathu wodzazidwa ndi zosiyanasiyana mayiko. Iwo ndi chiwerengero chachikulu, ndipo iwo sali onse ofanana. Aliyense ali chikhalidwe chake ndi miyambo, chinenero chawo ndi maganizo. Koma pali zinthu zimene pogwirizanitsa limati ambiri. Choncho, chifukwa mayiko wamkulu iwo yagawidwa. I kwa kufanizitsa wa dziko mosiyana kwambiri (vuto la zachuma, kukula GDP, mkhalidwe wa moyo, dera, anthu, malo ndi malo a dziko, mizinda). Koma iwo ndi mayiko onse united, kuwapanga bwino ndi kulephera kwa wina ndi mzake.