Malangizo kukonzekera - Ndi njira osauka zofuna zikufika matupi akuluakulu a mayunitsi structural

Planning angathe kuonedwa monga mwapadera ntchito anthu kapena ntchito yeniyeni kulamulira. Chili monga chida champhamvu kukhazikitsa nchito za boma. The chinthu chachikulu cha ntchito imeneyi pa mlingo dziko ndi zomangamanga ndi zachuma. Malangizo kukonzekera - mmodzi wa mitundu ya kukhazikitsa ndondomeko ya ntchito mu nthawi ya Soviet Union. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri.

mwachidule

Chuma zokomera angapo mbali zenizeni. Imakhala mwapadera kasamalidwe ndi zovuta zachuma. Mapulani chapakati amachita monga iye. Ngakhale kuti dziko la Soviet anali m'mbuyomu, panopa fomu iyi kulamulira kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi asilikali msika. Izi makamaka chifukwa chakuti mapangidwe zinthu watsopano kugwira ntchito ndi zovuta zachuma ndikofunikira kulosera ziyembekezo za chitukuko.

zolinga

Planning ndi ndondomeko yopangira chisankho zochokera generalization wa deta pachiyambi. Iwo kumafuna kudziŵa ndi zolinga sayansi kulungamitsidwa, njira kutanthauza kuti akwanilitse kudzera mwa wounikira poyerekeza wa zosiyanasiyana ndi kusankha wina mulingo woyenera mwa mawu a chitukuko kuyembekezera. mapulani State chimamanga zinthu zonse kupanga amakhala bwino pakati mtengo ndi lachilengedwe zinthu utuluke. Iwo amachita ntchito bwino ndipo imayenera la ndalama zomwe zilipo kwa kukwaniritsidwa kwa ntchito. Akamanena za ntchito si kukhala ndi kubweretsa zambiri zotsatira kwa perpetrators yomweyo, ndi mu chiphunzitso cha kuyembekezera zolinga za citukuko ndi chitukuko cha zida zipambano zawo zenizeni. Malinga mitundu ya njira, zimasonyeza ndi malangizo mapulani wolemekezeka. Zinthu zamakono amaonedwa kukhala ambiri yoyamba ndi yachiwiri.

dongosolo Policy akukonzekera

Zimatengera chitukuko cha mapulogalamu ndi mphamvu malamulo a lamulo, komanso njira ndi njira awo kukhazikitsa. Mwa machenjerero kuvomerezedwa. Pa nthawi yomweyo anatsimikiza ndi akuluakulu udindo ndondomeko lonse. Anthu ambiri achikulire zimadziŵa kuti dongosolo boma. The Soviet Union ndi kum'mawa ku Ulaya kawirikawiri ntchito chiwembu pansi kulingalira pa kayendetsedwe ka zovuta dziko zachuma. Mothandizidwa ndi boma cholinga mwachindunji inagunda muzochitika zake zonse ndi links. Gosplan ankavala akulimbana ndi osiyana kwapadera mwatsatanetsatane. Nthawiyi, kuchita nthawi zambiri chokwanira ndipo anakhalabe pa pepala kuposa lilibe kwathunthu palokha.

kulunjika

Malangizo kukonzekera - ndi mtundu wa ulamuliro, kutanthauza potsatira kwambiri chilango, udindo wa mabizinezi, akuluakulu ndi matupi zachuma kulephera ting'onoting'ono. Iwo limodzi ndi ziyang'aniridwe wa linanena bungwe ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka chuma. Aliyense katundu wamangidwa kwa makasitomala ake ndi ogula Nayenso amadziwa amene adzalandira zigawo, mankhwala theka-yomalizidwa ndi zipangizo. Utumiki wa Economy wasankha mochuluka bwanji, momwe, pamene kubala, pa ndalama zimene ndi amene kugulitsa. Initiative wa wothandizira chuma nthawi yomweyo kwathunthu analetsa.

kukhazikitsa

kukonzekera malangizo - ndi mawonekedwe a boma amene amaika adiresi ntchito ndi allocated zinthu zofunika awo kukhazikitsa. Pamene okhawo umwini boma, mapulani chapakati chimakwirira mmalo osiyanasiyana. The levers chachikulu ndi:

1. Malire pa ndalama likulu.
2. Bajeti ndalama.
3. malamulo a boma.
4. Ndalama chuma ndi luso.

Mu ndondomeko machenjerero chitukuko asangalatsi musati kumathandiza kwambiri. Mapulogalamu Madivelopa kuchita zogula centralized, kutenga udindo zizindikiro mmene kukumana kupambana. pulogalamuyo zambiri kudza anayamba sagwirizana ndi zinthu zofunikira. Zikatero, dongosolo amakhala ndi lolemetsa.

zinthu structural

Ndi mitundu yonse ya mitundu ya chuma Economy Utumiki amagwiritsa ntchito zigawo za m'mbuyomu ziwembu kulamulira m'boma ndi ndalama bajeti. zinthu izi, makamaka aphatikizidwa pulogalamu:

1. mankhwala Wonjezerani zosowa boma boma.
2. Development wa m'boma.
3. Amavomerezedwa ndalama ku bajeti feduro.

kukonzekera malangizo - ndi njira kulamulira, kwathunthu kupatulapo amene amadza chifukwa msika pa dongosolo la zachuma. Ikhazikitse mapulogalamu kubweretsa zazikulu pafupifupi zizindikiro zonse microeconomic. Mu nkhani iyi, ogwira alibe kudziyimira pawokha. Posankha zochita lilibe mfundo microeconomic kuwunika. msika anatenga dongosolo mitengo - voliyumu ya ngongole - Ndalama kuwombola chofunika - disaggregation ndi loitanirana, okwanira ndi kufunika - bwino. kukonzekera malangizo - izi ndi chabe ndondomeko zakayendetsedwe ka. Lake kwa palibe mtengo wokhudzana ndi ntchito makinawa.

zinachitikira kasamalidwe

The kusintha kwa mapulani chapakati njira ndipamene likunenera, poyamba pa zonse, pothetsa mikangano chidwi pakati ojambula ndi kutukula mapulogalamu. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo ziwembu sayenera Zikuvumbulutsidwa mu mawonekedwe a ntchito. chitukuko m'pofunika mlandu executors mwachindunji. Nthawiyi, ndithu chochitika zoipa zaka zam'mbuyo sayenera kusokoneza ntchito malangizo kupanga mapulani kuthetsa mavuto dziko. Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti chiwembu, kumvera monga njira ina m'malo msika kudziletsa kusintha, osati otsutsana ake. Ndi chida chofunikira kuti ntchito osati ndi boma wonse, komanso malo malonda makamaka.

mtengo

kukonzekera malangizo ntchito mu zochitika kumene m'pofunika kuthetsa mavuto padziko lonse. Izi mawonekedwe a kasamalidwe ka zovuta dziko zachuma ndi othandiza kwambiri mu mafakitale m'dzikoli, mapangidwe mphamvu chitetezo, structural kusintha amakampani mafakitale ndi zina zotero. Koma m'pofunika kuti kugwiritsa ntchito centralized mu miyeso, anthu. Mwachitsanzo, masoka achilengedwe, nkhondo, maganizo, mavuto. Koposa ndiponso nthawi ya lamulo ndondomeko mu nkhani iyi ayenera okha.

Njira ina

Panopa ambiri koposa padziko lonse lapansi analandira mapulani zimasonyeza. Ali ngati njira kuzindikira mfundo ndi zachuma a boma, njira yaikulu ya chikoka pa ntchito kwa boma msika. mapulani zimasonyeza kumathandiza bwino kuthetsa mavuto ambiri mu milandu. Izo ntchito pamene yekha msika njira popanda boma ndi osakwanira kwambiri.

Features chiwembu ndi

Reference (zimasonyeza) mapulani ndi njira ya mapangidwe ya zizindikiro, amene amakhala ndi chitukuko ndi akukhudzidwira dziko gawo zachuma. magawo awa zizigwirizana mfundo pagulu asankhepo zinthu zina Chikoka boma pa ndondomekoyi. Indicators chitukuko ndi zizindikiro kunyezimiritsa dzuwa, kapangidwe ndi mphamvu ya dera zachuma, boma ndi chikhalidwe cha mankhwala a zachuma, sheya msika ndi zinthu, mkhalidwe wa moyo wa nzika, mlingo mgwirizano ndi zibwenzi mayiko malonda ndi anthu ena. Mkati moyenera ya magawo amenewa amapereka ziyenera kachulukidwe ka boma la zochitika mu umoyo ndi zachuma dera, chifukwa kukhazikitsa miyezo amene zochokera lamulo la boma.

ndondomeko Zamkatimu

Akamanena za mapulani zimasonyeza ndi kulungamitsidwa zolinga, zolinga, njira malangizo ndi mfundo za boma. Iwo amachita monga maonekedwe bwino mogwirizana kwa mabungwe onse feduro kusamalira onse ndi mnzake, komanso ndi maudindo dera la chitukuko cha gawo zachuma ndi zigawo zake payekha. Ntchito ya mapulani zimasonyeza ndi umboni mwachindunji mbali zimene boma watithandiza mosamalitsa kumatanthauza. mphamvu sachita mwachindunji pa kampaniyo, koma makampani chachikulu ndi chidwi mogwirizana ndi boma akufunika thandizo mu kukopa ndalama zakunja, kulimbikitsa malonda awo ku misika dziko ndi zina zotero. mapulani akusonyeza chiyani zisokoneze kanthu malonda. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo amakulolani kudziwa limodzi Inde makampani kasamalidwe, kudziŵitsa mabizinesi za kufunika kuthekera, vuto m'mafakitale ofanana, zinthu pa msika ntchito ndi zina zotero. sikutheka wolungama ndalama popanda kukonzekera. mapulogalamu otukuka zimakhudza ndalama pagulu. Planning limakupatsani organically kuphatikiza mfundo umoyo ndi zachuma, amaneneratu dera zachuma boma, amazilamulira zovuta, voliyumu ya ndalama feduro likulu, makontena zosowa boma, boma akumeneko mabizinezi kasamalidwe.

mogwira

mapulani zimasonyeza zachokera zofunika, amene anapanga pansi zimagwirira chingatilimbikitse. Kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma, iwo ukuchita monga zolinga ndi kupitiriza zachilengedwe ndi chitukuko cha ndondomeko zilizonse. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mu gawo lotsiriza la kwambiri zigawo zikuluzikulu. Komanso, mfundo, ambiri a zanyengo mu kusanthula njira zikuphatikizapo boma pulogalamu, umalamulira zovuta, katundu zofuna boma, voliyumu ya ndalama feduro likulu ndi zina zotero. Yemwe ndi ndondomeko kusanthula ndi singathe zinthu ochiritsira moyang'ana m'tsogolo. Mwachangu mapulani zimasonyeza anatsimikizira mchitidwe lonse. Makamaka zipatso anakhala chiwembu mu Japan ndi France. Tisadalire gawo boma, amapereka mathamangitsidwe wa mayendedwe a chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko.

ziyembekezo yaitali

Malangizo ndi mapulani zimasonyeza ayenera Choncho ntchito mkati yochepa nthawi. Yaitali njira cholinga cha pulogalamuyi. Izi mtundu wa mapulani kumafuna zolinga zenizeni, mapangidwe ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka ndalama kuti ndi zofunika kuzikwanitsa. Pankhaniyi, ndi ntchito yaikulu amachita atakhala chiŵerengero zolondola pa nyengo. Zolinga Strategic ikukhudzana bwanji ndi kuthandiza anthu. Mapangidwe zosowa amadza ndi zinthu zonse kunja ndi mkati. Ngati ndalama zochepa zomwe ndi zina mwa dziko lililonse, kusankha zolinga chinsinsi limodzi ndi kutsogoza a.

Mwatsatanetsatane mapulogalamu njira

Mu ayenera allocated monga makhalidwe liwulo fomu iyi ya mapulani:

1. Mapangidwe cholinga cha kukhala ndi kufunika zoopsa chifukwa zovuta dziko zachuma.
2. Zogwirira kuthandiza kukhazikitsa ntchito.
3. Mlandu mmene zinthu mkati ndi kunja.

Cholinga cha pulogalamu ya njira ndi mapangidwe mphamvu zokwanira kuti adziwitse bwino chitukuko cha zovuta zachuma. Kukhazikitsa ma anatenga pa nyengo zosiyana. Malinga akutali nthawi yaitali (masamu kwa zaka 10 kapena kuposa), sing'anga (zaka 5) ndipo panopa (pachaka) chiwembu. Zochita ntchito zonse za machitidwe mapulani. Iwo amaonetsetsa kupitiriza kwa mapulogalamu ndi kukwaniritsa zolinga za mtunda osiyana a nthawi.

mapulogalamu Features

Mu ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa abale msika ntchito njira amaloŵamo kusintha zosiyanasiyana. Ndi mtundu wa mapulogalamu, popereka zothetsera kiyi nkhani yomwe ndi ntchito zokhudza mavuto a zachilengedwe, zakakhalidwe ka anthu, za sayansi, luso, mafakitale, dera ndi zina. Zimenezi ndi zofunika mapangidwe njira Integrated ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka akulimbana chuma. Mapulogalamu kulengedwa pa mlingo uliwonse wa utsogoleri wolowezana. Pa nthawi yomweyo anayamba ntchito nthawi zonse chimaoneka adiresi chikalata zimasonyeza kapena prescriptive.

Gawo

Malinga ndi malangizo a kanthu, zili ndi chinthu pulogalamu kungakhale sayansi, luso, umoyo ndi zachuma, madera, gulu, chuma, kukhulupirirana, mwadzidzidzi ndi zina zotero. The ntchito dera ndi dziko ndi zovuta kumvetsa. Iwo bwanji nkhani ambiri malonda ndi kusonyeza yochezera njira za umoyo ndi zachuma dera la boma wonse kapena dera ake makamaka. mapulogalamu Emergency zambiri wasenza kwa kanthawi kochepa. Iwo ntchito mu boma zinthu yovuta: misa ulova, mavuto, kuopseza kufufuma, etc. Mu zida zawo za kukhazikitsa chikoka utsogoleri ndi mwachilungamo yogwira ..