Magna Carta

British Constitution ndi yowala kwambiri zimasiyanitsa Mbali. Iwo kwagona kuti palibe chikalata chimene zidzapanga lamulo zofunika United Kingdom. Democratic anthu British kale kukhala wopanda malamulo, ndipo zikomo onse chakuti mu 1215, Magna Carta anavomerezedwa mu dziko. Ngati Tikayerekeza mlingo pa zimene chitukuko cha maubale mu zaka izi anali mayiko ena, kudzakhala demokalase ku England (kuyamika hayala ndi) zimapangitsa kwambiri ulemu.

Popeza penipeni, Magna Carta anakhalabe nthawi zonse, chophiphiritsa ndi mbali yaikulu ya osalembedwa koma bwino anaphedwa ndi m'malamulo a Britain. Mawu "hayala" kwenikweni anawamasulira kuchokera Greek momwe "chikalata cholemba pamanja." Nthawi zambiri ndi ntchito mophiphiritsa, ndicho, ngati mawu "ufulu" ndi "mwayi".

Zinachitika bwanji kuti England anabadwa chikalata ichi zodabwitsa zimene zasintha miyoyo ya anthu kwa mazana a zaka ndipo anapereka moyo wabwino wa anthu ake?

Magna Carta anali kuwerenga ndi anasaina pa 15 June 1215 mu mtsinjewu chigwa, pafupi ndi tauni ya Runnymede. Pa nthawi imeneyo, kulamulidwa ndi Korol Ioann England, ndipo iye anali wotchuka ulamuliro kuponderezedwa. Mu dziko chifukwa cha connivance wake anayamba kulamulira mwankhanza ndi ziphuphu. Magna Carta analengedwa monga muyeso zofunikira kukamenyana kusayeruzika alipo, amene chaka chilichonse koposa akhakula pa dziko.

Zinthu zinali zovuta kuti Mwachitsanzo, Ahabu atenge dzikolo popanda mlandu pa m'manja kapena kuyambitsa levies nokha, amene ali pamwamba. Iye anayambitsa milandu zimabwezera misonkho pansi napemphera monyenga mawu alionse, ndi cholinga chokhacho - Zachuma patsogolo. m'makhoti anali mosasamala ndipo anapambana amene anali ndalama zambiri. Kwenikweni anapereka boma chiphuphu kwa m'boma. Kachitidwe milandu ziwalo. Komanso, Korol Ioann England linayamba nkhondo wolowerera ndi France, potero akuwononga dziko.

Against anafika nkhope ya otsutsa wa barons ndi Mpingo, umene unali mbali ya chisokonezo ndi kuwachitira chifundo. Nawo inawo sanatsatire, chifukwa mfumu ndi wodzikweza anatsogolera ulamuliro wake, ngakhale ndi Papa asapita owonongedwa.

Magna Carta mu 1215 zinafika pa chikalata adzabweranso dziko mu dongosolo. Lidalembedwa Latin ndi 63 nkhani yake mbiri anali kuperekedwa. chikalata ichi chinali dzina lina - ". nkhani baronial" Korol Ioann anakakamizika amavomereza kuti mfundo za barons wopanduka, ndi Magna Carta mu 1215 anabadwa. Anathandizanso chopambana - ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu zimene mfumu mwa chilengedwe cha bungwe wapadera wa barons 25. Malinga ndi chikalata ichi pambuyo ntchito mamembala anayi gulu anatilola "kukazungulira mfumu m'njira iliyonse" (Article 61 hayala).

zasintha kwambiri zinachitika kuti, ndi ubale wa pakati pa mfumu ndi mpingo, komanso pakati pa barons ndi mfulu. Mfumu anapereka ufulu wa Church, anapereka udindo wake wapadera ndi amayenda ndi mtima wosagawanika. Iye analonjeza kuti msonkho komanso zolipira adzachotsedwa ndi bungwe ambiri a ufumu.

Nkhani 13 kungakupatseni ufulu London ndi mizinda ina, ndipo nkhani pa nambala 36 anapatsa mphamvu kwambiri kutukula bwino malonda ndi ntchito zamanja. Magna Carta mu 1215 chinathandiza kuphatikiza ndi olimba ya United Kingdom. No kwenikweni anali Nkhani 41 42. Iwo anapereka ufulu kulowa ndi kuchoka kwa amalonda ena ndi m'deralo. Komanso, Magna manowa bwino chachikulu ambuye ang'onoang'ono kwa katundu.

The kwambiri anali Nkhani 39, monga izo ankatchedwa chitsimikizo cha chuma, komanso wotetezedwa wa nzika iliyonse. Iwo anali atanena kuti munthu ufulu akhoza kumangidwa, kumangidwa kapena asalandidwe malo okha pa kumbali ya zochita za oweruza. Nkhani 45 unkayenera kuti asankhe malo woweruza woyenera, komanso oyenera akuluakulu. Magna anaonetsetsa kuti amapereka ufulu kwa kulanda umasinthasintha milandu (Article 40). The chifukwa cha chilengedwe chake chinali chiyambi cha chiyembekezo chakuti kudalira ang'onoang'ono, ndi madalitso ake anali maziko a pofuna kukwaniritsa dziko lalikulu demokalase.