Magetsi ndi masoka kuwala. magetsi kuwala mosiyana zachilengedwe

Mafunde ali a mitundu iwiri. The kotenga vibrational perturbation ikufanana ndi malangizo awo a kafalitsidwe. Chitsanzo ndi ndime ya phokoso mu mlengalenga. mafunde yopingasa zigwirizana chisokonezo amene ali pa ngodya 90 ° malangizo kuyenda. Mwachitsanzo, yoweyula kudutsa horizontally mwa unyinji wa madzi amachititsa Phokoso ofukula pa pamwamba pake.

Kupezeka kwa

zingapo zotsatira chachinsinsi kuwala anamuona pa zaka za m'ma XVII, wakhala anafotokoza, pamene magetsi ndi masoka kuwala anayamba kuonedwa ngati chodabwitsa yoweyula ndi malangizo a Phokoso ake anatulukira. Woyamba otchedwa zotsatira kugawanika anatulukira ndi Chidanishi dokotala Erasmus Bartholin mu 1669. Scientific anati awiri refraction kapena birefringence ku Iceland spar kapena kashiamu (mawonekedwe galasi kashiamu carbonate). Pamene kuwala umadutsa ndi calcite galasi amang'amba izo, wobala zithunzi ziwiri ankatembenukira wachibale wina ndi mzake.

Newton kudziwa za zodabwitsazi ndipo amasonyeza kuti corpuscles mwina kuwala asymmetry kapena "munthu amaganiza", chingakhale chifukwa cha mapangidwe zithunzi ziwiri. Huygens wa m'nthawi ya Newton anali kufotokoza chiphunzitso chakuti iwiri refraction mafunde pulayimale, koma sanamvetse tanthauzo lenileni la zotsatira. Birefringence anakhalabe chinsinsi mpaka Thomas Young ndi French sayansi Augustin-Zhan Frenel si adafotokoza kuti mafunde kuwala ndi yopingasa. Mfundo yosavuta walola kuti afotokoze chomwe magetsi ndi masoka kuwala. Izi anapereka zachilengedwe ndi wopepuka chimango kwa kusanthula zotsatira kugawanika.

birefringence The amayamba ndi osakaniza polarizations awiri orthogonal, omwe ali yoweyula mathamangidwe ake. Chifukwa cha kusiyana liwiro la zigawo awiriwa akalozera osiyana refractive, ndipo kotero kuti iwo mosiyana refracted mutuwo, wobala zithunzi ziwiri.

Magetsi ndi masoka kuwala: Maxwell chiphunzitso

Fresnel mwamsanga anayamba chitsanzo mabuku mafunde yopingasa, zomwe zinachititsa kuti birefringence ndi chiwerengero cha zotsatira zina kuwala. zaka makumi anayi pambuyo pake, mu atomu chiphunzitso Maxwell a elegantly anafotokoza chikhalidwe yopingasa kuwala.

mafunde mu atomu Maxwell wapangidwa ndi mphamvu ya maginito ndi magetsi perpendicular malangizo a zokhala kuyenda. m'minda ali pa ngodya 90 ° ndi mzake. Pankhaniyi malangizo a kafalitsidwe za m'minda maginito ndi magetsi kupanga bwino chimanjamanja ntchito dongosolo. Pakuti yoweyula ndi pafupipafupi f ndi kutalika λ (iwo ikukhudzana kudalira λf = c), umene umayenda mu zabwino × malangizo, minda akufotokozedwa mwamasamu:

• E (×, T) = E ₀ Ko (2 π × / λ - 2 π Ft) Y ^;
• B (×, T) = B ₀ Ko (2 π × / λ - 2 π Ft) z ^.

The maikwezhoni kusonyeza kuti minda magetsi ndi maginito ali mu gawo ndi mzake. Nthawi iliyonse, iwo imodzi kukwaniritsa mfundo zawo abwere ku malo wofanana E ₀ ndipo B _0. amplitudes awa si palokha. maikwezhoni Maxwell akusonyeza kuti E ₀ = CB ₀ kuti mafunde onse mu atomu mu vacuo.

ndi kugawanika malangizo

Pofotokoza za lathu la mphamvu ya maginito ndi magetsi mafunde kuwala chimakhala yekha amasonyeza malangizo a m'munda magetsi. The maginito vekitala anatsimikiza ndi lamulo la minda perpendicularity ndi perpendicularity awo malangizo kuyenda. Natural ndi linearly magetsi kuwala amakhala kuti mu oscillate munda otsiriza malangizo atathana monga kayendedwe ka aziweyulira.

Pali zina zotheka kugawanika limati. Pankhani ya zamoyo zina zozungulira za m'minda maginito ndi magetsi ndi zimayenda wachibale kwa kafalitsidwe malangizo pa matalikidwe zonse. Elliptically magetsi kuwala mu malo wapakatikati pakati pa liniya ndi polarizations zozungulira.

kuwala unpolarized

Maatomu padziko ndi filament mkangano, amene kupanga ndi cheza atomu, ndi, payekhapayekha mzake. Aliyense cheza akhoza pafupifupi amatsatira monga sitima za nthawi yochepa masekondi 10 ^-9 10 ^-8. mafunde mu atomu ku filament, ndiye superposition ya sitima awa, omwe ali kugawanika yake malangizo. Kuchuluka zochokera mosintha imaphunzitsa mitundu yoweyula kugawanika vekitala amene zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri ndipo erratically. Chotero yoweyula amatchedwa unpolarized. Zonse zachilengedwe a kuunika, kuphatikizapo Sun, nyali incandescent, nyali fulorosenti ndi malawi, zimatulutsa kuwala kwa magetsi amenewa. Komabe, kuwala kawirikawiri pang'ono magetsi chifukwa kubalalika angapo ndi kusinkhasinkha.

Choncho, kusiyana kwa zachilengedwe kuwala magetsi imakhala chakuti mu oscillations koyamba kudzachitika mu ndege.

Magwero cheza magetsi

kuwala magetsi akhoza kupangidwa pamene lathu okhudza malo zotsimikizika. Chitsanzo chimodzi cha synchrotron dzuwa, imene mkulu-mphamvu mlandu particles akusuntha mu munda maginito ndipo zimatulutsa magetsi mu atomu yoweyula. Pali zambiri odziwika bwino magwero zakuthambo zimene zimatulutsa kuwala mwachibadwa magetsi. Zikuphatikizapo nebulae, zotsala supernova, ndi mtima yogwira galactic. dziko cheza kugawanika amaphunzira kuti aone katundu wa magwero ake.

polaroid fyuluta

Magetsi ndi masoka kuwala anasiyanitsidwa ndi kudutsa zingapo zipangizo, ambiri amene ali polaroid, analengedwa ndi wasayansi American Edwin Land. Sefa tichipeza unyolo yaitali mamolekyulu hydrocarbon zochokera mu njira imodzi ndi ndondomeko kutentha mankhwala. Molekyulu ndi kusankha kuyamwa poizoni wa kumunda magetsi likufanana ndi kuonetsa. Kuwala kusiya polarizer ndi linearly magetsi. munda wake magetsi perpendicular malangizo lathu maselo. Polaroid wapeza ntchito m'minda ambiri, kuphatikizapo magalasi ndi Zosefera kuti kuchepetsa zotsatira za kuunika anasonyeza ndipo anamwazikana.

Natural ndi magetsi kuwala: lamulo la Malus

Mu 1808, wasayansi Etienne Louis Malus anapeza kuti kuwala anasonyeza kuchokera pamalo sanali zachitsulo, mwina magetsi. mmene amenewa zimadalira mbali ya zochitika ndi refractive index zakuthupi chimawala. Limodzi la milandu kwambiri pamene tangent a mbali ya zochitika mu mlengalenga ndi wofanana ndi index refractive zakuthupi Kuganizira kuwala anasonyeza amakhala kwathunthu linearly magetsi. chodabwitsa Ichi chikudziwika ngati lamulo Brewster a (dzina la anatulukira zake, Scottish sayansi David Brewster). The kugawanika malangizo ikufanana pamwamba kuwalitsa. Popeza fulorosenti glare zambiri zimachitika pa chinyezimiro kuchokera pamalo yopingasa monga misewu ndi madzi Zosefera chotchuka ntchito magalasi kukhala horizontally magetsi kuwala ndipo tsono kusankha kuchotsa timasonyeza kuwala.

Rayleigh kubalalika

Kuwala kubalalika ndi zinthu ochepa amene miyeso ndi laling'ono kwambiri kuposa timaganiza ndi (otchedwa Rayleigh kubalalika pambuyo English wasayansi Ambuye Rayleigh), komanso kumabweretsa tsankho kugawanika. Pamene dzuwa umadutsa m'mlengalenga, ndi omwazika ndi tinthu mpweya. Earth nufikira anamwazikana magetsi kuwala. Mlingo wa kugawanika amadalira kubalalika njingayo. Popeza munthu sasiyanitsa pakati pa kuwala ndi magetsi, amenewa kawirikawiri amaona. Komabe, maso tizilombo ambiri akuchitira kwa izo, ndipo iwo ntchito kugawanika wachibale cheza anamwazikana ngati chida panyanja. Normal fyuluta kamera kuti ntchito kuchepetsa maziko cheza dzuwa lowala, ndi liniya polarizer ophweka, omwe alekanitsa kuwala magetsi ndi masoka Rayleigh.

zipangizo anisotropic

Zotsatira kugawanika ali anamuona pa zipangizo optically anisotropic (imene zosonyezera refractive zimasiyanasiyana ndi malangizo a kugawanika), monga makhiristo birefringent, ena nyumba kwachilengedwenso ndi zipangizo optically yogwira. ntchito njira zamakono monga microscopes polarizing, kusonyezedwa madzi galasi ndi zida kuwala ntchito pochita kafukufuku zipangizo.