Maganizo Transistor: kusintha m'madera. Dera kusinthitsa wa transistor ochititsa kuti ndi emitter wamba

Mmodzi mwa atatu elekitirodi mtundu zipangizo michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ndi ochititsa kuti transistors. a dera la zikudalira ali madutsidwe (dzenje kapena elekitironi) ndi ntchito.

Gawo

Transistors anawagawa m'magulu:

1. Malinga ndi zipangizo: zofala kwambiri ntchito gallium arsenide ndi pakachitsulo.
2. Monga pafupipafupi mbendera: otsika (mpaka 3 MHz), sing'anga (30 MHz), mkulu (mpaka 300 MHz), kopitilira muyeso-mkulu (pamwamba 300 MHz).
3. Pakuti pazipita mphamvu madyaidya ndikuledzera: kuti 0,3 W, mpaka 3 Watts, kuposa 3W.
4. Malinga ndi mtundu wa chipangizo: atatu chikugwirizana ndi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi wosanjikiza ndi alternately kusintha njira mwachindunji ndi osiyanitsidwa wodetsedwa conduction.

Kodi transistors?

Lakunja wamkati ndiponso zigawo za transistor ndi olumikiza maelekitirodi patsogolo, motero anaitana emitter, wokhometsa ndi tsinde.

The emitter ndi wokhometsa si wosiyana ndi aliyense zina madutsidwe, koma mlingo wa doping zosafunika wa yotsirizira kwambiri m'munsi. Izi zipangitsa kuwonjezeka mu kololeka linanena bungwe voteji.

M'munsi, umene ndi wosanjikiza pakati ali ndi kukana mkulu, monga zopangidwa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi atavala doping ofooka. Iwo ali lalikulu kukhudzana dera wokhometsa, amene bwino kuchotsa kutentha kwaiye chifukwa kusintha kukondera kusintha, ndipo facilitates Ndime ya onyamula ochepa - ma elekitironi. Ngakhale kuti zigawo kusintha ndi kumadalira pa mfundo yomweyo, transistor ndi asymmetric chipangizo. Ndi kusintha malo zigawo muyeso wa madutsidwe chomwecho silingalandire magawo lolingana chipangizo michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi.

Schematics wa transistors ochititsa kuti amatha kulisunga limati awiri: zingakhale lotseguka kapena lotseka. Mu mode yogwira, pamene transistor lotseguka emitter kuchepetsa kusintha anapangidwa mu njira patsogolo. Mwachitsanzo tikambirane Mwachitsanzo, transistor a mtundu npn, ayenera zikundithandiza kuchokera ku gwero, monga tikuonera chithunzi pansipa.

Malire a wachiwiri wokhometsa mphambano pamene chikatseka ndipo panopa kuyenda kupyolera Sitiyenera. Komabe, zosiyana kumachitika chifukwa cha malo pafupi ya kusintha kwa wina ndi mzake ndi chikoka onse awiri. Popeza emitter ndi olumikizidwa kwa "opanda" batire lotseguka kusintha amalola ma elekitironi kuyenda mu zone m'munsi, kumene iwo ali tsankho recombination ndi mabowo - waukulu zonyamulira. Anapanga m'munsi panopa I _b. Mwamphamvu ndi, molingana kwambiri linanena bungwe panopa. Pa amplifiers mfundo ntchito ntchito transistors ochititsa kuti.

Pambuyo m'munsi ndi basi diffusive mayendedwe a ma elekitironi, chifukwa palibe kanthu za kuthengo magetsi. Chifukwa pang'ono wosanjikiza makulidwe (microns) ndi ukulu lalikulu la ndende masinthidwe amtundu wa particles zoipa mlandu, pafupifupi onse a iwo kugwera mu dera wokhometsa, ngakhale m'munsi kulimbana ndi mokwanira lalikulu. Kumeneko kusuntha atamukoka munda magetsi, kulimbikitsa mayendedwe awo yogwira. Wokhometsa ndi emitter mafunde ndi zayamba ofanana, ngati imfa si negligible mlandu chifukwa recombination mu m'munsi kuti: I _makalata = Ine _b + Ine _K.

Magawo a transistors

1. The phindu zinthu kwa voteji U _Eq / U _KUKHALA ndipo panopa: β = _ine / Ine _B (leni phindu). Childs, koyefishienti β si upambana 300, koma akhoza kufika mfundo za 800 ndi pamwamba.
2. Lowetsani impedance.
3. Pafupipafupi ayankhe - wa transistor ntchito mpaka pafupipafupi anakonzeratu pamwamba omwe transients alibe nthawi za kusintha kwa mbendera ntchito.

Maganizo Transistor: kusintha madera, modes opareshoni

Opaleshoni modes akusiyana malinga ndi mmene dera ndi anasonkhana. Signal ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuchotsedwa pa mfundo ziwiri iliyonse, koma pali zikhomo atatu okha. Tidziwanso kuti elekitirodi ayenera onse a athandizira ndi linanena bungwe. Choncho monga transistors aliyense ochititsa kuti. a dera la: ON, OE ndi chabwino.

1. Mayendedwe ndi CHABWINO

Dera kusinthitsa wa transistor ochititsa kuti ndi wokhometsa wamba: chizindikiro akudyetsedwa kuti resistor R _L, amene m'gulu dera wokhometsa. kulumikiza amenewa amatchedwa kuti wamba wokhometsa.

Izi njira yokha amalenga phindu panopa. Ubwino wa emitter wotsatira ndi kupereka lalikulu athandizira impedance (10-500 ohms), imene imathandiza yabwino ntchito cascades.

2. Mayendedwe ndi ON

Dera kusinthitsa wa transistor ochititsa kuti mu m'munsi wamba: mbendera ukubwera mwa C ₁ ndipo pambuyo amveke ndi kuchotsedwa mu linanena bungwe la dera wokhometsa, mmene elekitirodi m'munsi amagawidwa. Pankhaniyi, ndi voteji phindu ofanana ntchito ndi MA lapansi.

The sangathe ndi yaing'ono athandizira impedance (30-100 ohms), ndipo dera ndi ON ntchito monga oscillator ndi.

3. Chithunzi ndi MA

Mu embodiments ambiri, pamene transistors ochititsa kuti ntchito, kusintha madera ambiri anapanga ndi emitter wamba. Yobweretsa voteji akudyetsedwa kudzera katundu resistor R _L, ndi emitter olumikizidwa kwa mtengo zoipa ndi kotunga kunja mphamvu.

AC chizindikiro kwa osachiritsika athandizira akulowa emitter ndi tsinde maelekitirodi (V _mu), ndipo akhala yaikulu mu udzakwaniritsidwa (V _CE) mu dera wokhometsa. Zinthu dera zofunika: a transistor, ndi resistor R _L ndi linanena bungwe la dera la mkuzamawu ndi kotunga kunja mphamvu. Wothandiza: capacitor C ₁ zoletsa kuti ndime ya panopa mwachindunji chakudya dera la chizindikiro athandizira, ndi resistor R _1, kudzera amene transistor chikuyamba.

Wokhometsa voteji a dera la transistor ndi linanena bungwe la resistor R _L pamodzi ofanana ukulu _{EMF: V CC = Ine C R L} + V CE.

Choncho, V _mu mbendera yaing'ono athandizira amaperekedwa ndi kusuntha DC mphamvu AC linanena bungwe inverter transistor anatha. Chiwembu amapereka kuwonjezeka mu athandizira panopa nthawi 20-100, ndi voteji - mu nthawi 10-200. Choncho, mphamvu Komanso kumawonjezera.

Kupanda chiwembu: yaing'ono athandizira kukana (500-1000 ohms). Chifukwa cha ichi, pali mavuto mu mapangidwe magawo amveke. Kulimbikira linanena bungwe ndi 2-20 ohms.

zithunzi izi amasonyeza momwe transistor ochititsa kuti. Ngati mulibe kanthu zina pa ntchito yawo adzakhala kwambiri anakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zakunja monga kutenthedwa ndi chizindikiro pafupipafupi. Komanso emitter grounding amalenga amgwirizano kupotoza pa linanena bungwe. Kusintha zodalirika, dera la m'pamene feedbacks, Zosefera, ndi zina zotero. N. Pankhaniyi phindu yafupika, koma chipangizo umakhala waphindu.

modes wa ntchito

The transistor ntchito zimakhudza mtengo wa voteji zikugwirizana. modes onse akhoza wasonyeza ngati agwiritsidwa dera la transistor ochititsa kuti anapereka m'mbuyomu ndi emitter wamba.

1. mode odulidwa wolemera

mode Izi analenga pamene V _KUKHALA voteji amachepetsa kuti 0,7 V. Mu nkhani iyi, emitter Mphambano ili chatsekedwa ndipo wokhometsa panopa palibe, popeza palibe ma elekitironi mfulu m'munsi lapansi. Choncho, transistor atilakwira.

2. Amalalikira mumalowedwe

Ngati voteji ndi umagwiritsidwa m'munsi omwe ndi okwanira kutsegula transistor, pali waung'ono athandizira panopa ndi linanena bungwe kuchuluka, malingana ndi kuopsa kwa phindu la. Ndiye transistor ntchito monga mkuzamawu ndi.

mode 3. machulukitsidwe

Kumasiyana ndi akafuna yogwira kuti transistor lidzatsegulidwa mokwanira, ndipo wokhometsa panopa umalandira pazipita zotheka phindu. Kuchulukitsa kwake angathe kuzikwaniritsa ndi kusintha Akutsatira electromotive mphamvu kapena katundu mu dera linanena bungwe. Pamene kusintha m'munsi wokhometsa masiku ano sanasinthe. machulukitsidwe boma yodziwika ndi chakuti transistor ndi lotseguka kwambiri, ndipo pano ali ngati magetsi ndi anatembenukira. Schematics wa transistors ochititsa kuti ndi kaphatikizidwe odulidwa-kutali ndi machulukitsidwe modes amakulolani kulenga ndi makiyi awo amagetsi.

Onse modes wa ntchito zimadalira chikhalidwe cha makhalidwe linanena bungwe tikuonera Zithunzi lapansi.

Iwo angasonyeze, ngati anasonkhana Kulumikizana chithunzi cha transistor ochititsa kuti ndi OE.

Ngati inu kuvala olamulira ofukula ndi zigawo yopingasa akuimira pazipita wokhometsa panopa ndi kuchuluka kwa kotunga voteji V _CC, kenako kulumikiza malekezero wina ndi mzake, kutenga katundu mzere (wofiira). Iwo akufotokozedwa ndi _{mawu akuti: I C = (V CC -} V CE) / R C. Kuyambira zimakwana ndizoonekeratu kuti mfundo opaleshoni yomwe Mzimuyo wokhometsa panopa I _C ndi voteji V _CE, adzakhala osamukira pamodzi mzere katundu kuchokera pansi ndi kuwonjezeka m'munsi panopa I _B.

Zone V _CE pakati olamulira ndi woyamba khalidwe linanena bungwe (shaded) pamene ine _B = 0 amadziwika cutoff mode. Mu izi n'zosiyana panopa I _C ndi negligible ndi transistor chatsekedwa.

Khalidwe ulemu mfundo A intersects mzere katundu, kenako, ndi kuwonjezeka _{mu wokhometsa} panopa I sanasinthe. Machulukitsidwe malo Zithunzi ndi malo shaded pakati olamulira Ine _C ndi khalidwe otsetsereka.

Kodi transistor mu modes osiyana?

The transistor ukugwira ntchito ndi chizindikiro variable kapena zonse aperekedwe ku dera athandizira.

Maganizo Transistor: kusintha madera, mphamvu

Makamaka transistor akutumikira monga mkuzamawu ndi. The alternating athandizira chizindikiro amachititsa kusintha linanena bungwe ake panopa. Mungagwiritse ntchito chiwembu ndi chabwino kapena ndi MA lapansi. M'dera linanena bungwe kwa chizindikiro chofunika katundu. Childs ntchito resistor wokwera mu dera wokhometsa linanena bungwe. Ngati mwasankha bwino, linanena bungwe voteji n'lofunika kwambiri kuposa athandizira lapansi.

ntchito mkuzamawu bwino Chitsanzo cha zithunzi nthawi.

Pamene munatembenuka chizindikiro zimachitika, mode ali chimodzimodzi kwa sinusoidal. Quality akatembenuka iwo zigawo amgwirizano anatsimikiza ndi makhalidwe pafupipafupi transistors.

Ntchito kusintha mode

masiwichi Transistor anapangidwa kuti sanali kukhudzana kugwirizana kusinthitsa m'madera magetsi. mfundo ndi kusintha stepwise mu kulimbikira transistor lapansi. Maganizo mtundu ndi loyenereradi zofunika za chipangizo kwambiri.

Pomaliza

zinthu michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ntchito mu madera kwa akatembenuka chizindikiro magetsi. Mosalekeza ndi lalikulu gulu kulola ntchito zosiyanasiyana transistors ochititsa kuti. kusintha madera kudziwa ntchito zawo ndi modes wa ntchito. Zikudalira makhalidwe.

Dera lalikulu kusintha transistors ochititsa kuti azimveka, kutembenuka ndi kupanga zizindikiro athandizira, ndi kusinthana madera.