Maganizo a Angiosperms ndiwo mbali ya kusintha kwa zomera

Kuphuka kwa zomera pamtunda, zomwe zinachitika kumayambiriro kwa nthawi ya Silurian (pafupi zaka 435 miliyoni zapitazo), zinaphatikizidwa ndi kusintha koyambirira kwa kusintha. Zomera zinakakamizidwa kuti zikhale zofanana ndi kusintha kwa moyo wa padziko lapansi. Pakuchita chisinthiko, ali ndi ziwalo zatsopano (epidermis, xylem, phloem, minofu yosakaniza) ndi ziwalo (tsamba la masamba limathamanga ndi mizu). M'kupita kwa nthawi, ma rhyniophytes oyambirira, omwe sanapange mphukira, adasinthidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya fern yomwe inafalikira padziko lapansi mu Devonia (pafupifupi zaka 400 miliyoni zapitazo). Mu Mesozoic (zaka 235-132 miliyoni zapitazo), ma gymnosperms amapezeka pa dziko lapansi , ndipo pambuyo pake ma angiosperms amawonekera, omwe amawoneka kuti ndiwo mbali ya kusintha kwa zomera.

Ma Angiosperms amafika pachimake pa Cenozoic, yomwe inayamba pafupifupi zaka 66 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo ikupitirira mpaka lero. Ngakhale, powonekera pazimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pathanthwe, iwo anawonekera posachedwa Mesozoic (pafupi zaka 130 miliyoni zapitazo), koma izi zinali zochepa komanso zoyambirira. Angiosperms yakale kwambiri ndi oimira gulu la nymphaeid, kuphatikizapo maluwa a madzi.

Pakalipano, dipatimentiyi ndi yambiri. Pakati pa equator ndi mitengo yonseyi palibe malo omwe alipo pa moyo wa zomera, koma palibe angiosperms omwe amapezeka. Kuphatikiza pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yambiri ya malo, angiosperms amadziwika ndi mitundu yambiri ya kukula. Zinyama zokhala ndi duckweed, zimamanga pamwamba pa dziwe, ndi yaikulu baobab yomwe imakhala moyo zaka mazana ambiri ngakhale zikwi zikwi zambiri, maluwa okongola komanso okongola kwambiri, maluwa okongola kwambiri ndi raflesia, omwe ali ndi maluwa a mamita awiri - onsewo ali a dipatimenti iyi. Gulu lalikulu - angiosperms amadzi, okhala m'madzi amchere (makamaka) ndi matupi a madzi (osachepera). Mitundu yotereyi si yachilendo, mosiyana ndiyi, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mitundu ya pansi pa nyanja.

Chinthu chachikulu cha ma angiosperms ndi kukhalapo kwa duwa, chiwalo chobala chomwe chimayambitsa kugonana ndi kukopa odwala. Choncho dzina lachiwiri la dipatimenti - Maluwa othamanga (Magnoliophita).

Kubereka kwa angiosperms kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi momwe pollination imayambira, momwe tizilombo, mbalame, nyama, mphepo ndi madzi zimachita nawo. M'madera ambiri a dziko lapansi, oyang'anira oyambitsa pollination ndi tizilombo. Kumalo otentha kwambiri ntchitoyi imagwira mbalame ndi zinyama. Nkhalango m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'mabwato ndi m'nyanja, mkuntho m'mapululu, mitengo mumtunda komanso pakati pa mchenga, zomera zimakhala ndi mphepo. Kawirikawiri imapezeka pollination (hydrophilia) - ndiyo mitundu yomwe maluwa ake akufalikira pansi pa madzi (mwachitsanzo, zozilombo). M'madera amenewo nyengo yomwe imodzi mwa njirazi sizingatheke, kudzipitsa komwe kumachitika.

Gawo lotsatira la kubalana ndi umuna ndi mapangidwe a zipatso. Dipatimenti ya Angiosperms imadziwika ndi zomwe zimatchedwa mitundu iwiri ya umuna. Mtedza, womwe umagwidwa ndi nkhanza za pistil, "umamera," ndipo maselo amphongo amapita kumalo opangira mungu . Mbewu imodzi imagwira ntchito mu umuna wa dzira, ndipo ina imagwirizanitsidwa ndi imodzi mwa maselo a mphasa yapadera-tsamba la embryonic. Chotsatira chake, pachiyambi choyamba, kamwana kameneka kamapangidwira, ndipo m'chigawo chachiŵiri, kusungunula minofu yomwe imapangidwira zakudya zake.

Palinso gulu la zomera zomwe sizikusowa kuti mungu uzipanga zipatso (mbeu zimapangidwa popanda mungu). Gululi limaphatikizapo ziboliboli, zikho, mtundu wina wa buttercups.

Palinso zomera zomwe zimafalitsa kwambiri zomera, kupyolera pambali ya maluwa mapangidwe, pollination ndi kucha. Awa ndi bulbous, rhizome ndi ena oimira ma angiosperms.