Kuzindikira ndi chithunzi. mfundo yofunika

Mawu akuti "Kuzindikira" amatanthauza "zomveka", "lenileni". Zojambulajambula, azimuth ichi bwinobwino, zoona kusonyeza zenizeni ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zenizeni.

Mbiri yakale, tanthauzo konkire "Kuzindikira" amatanthauza zojambula ndi mabuku amene apangidwa m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. chitukuko ndi zinthu zonse chonse chitukuko m'dera lino anafika m'zaka 19. Nthawi imeneyi, momveka kwambiri anatsimikizira Kuzindikira yovuta mu kupenta. Malangizo anayamba kupanga mogwirizana kapena kulimbana ndi mafunde zina za luso la zaka mazana makumi awiri.

Kuzindikira mu penti m'ma m'ma 19 amakhala ndi dongosolo yeniyeni luso lomwe theoretically wolungama monga njira azisangalala sadziwa.

Mu France, azimuth izi luso amagwirizana makamaka ndi dzina la Courbet. Lamulo lalikulu la Kuzindikira pa nthawi anali pamtima zenizeni chi zosiyanasiyana maonekedwe ake, kugwiritsira ndi sayansi yeniyeni. Oimira njira panopa ntchito bwino ndi yeniyeni, m'malo iwo penapake "yosokoneza ndi kosalimba" njira zachikondi. Chofunika kwambiri malangizo chitukuko tsogolo la zisinthe anali mu 1848, kumatha Musamadzinamize wa oimira anzeru French.

Mu Russia, Kuzindikira ndi chithunzi mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19, ali inextricably zogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha malingaliro chikhalidwe demokalase. Izi unaonekera mwa pafupi kuphunzira chikhalidwe, chakuya chisoni tsoka ndi moyo wa anthu pamodzi ndi chidzudzulo dongosolo wogwila boma.

Wachitatu lotsiriza la zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi zinali zodzaza ndi mapangidwe gulu Wanderers. Pakati pawo Kramskoy, Perov, Shishkin, Repin, Savrasov, Surikov ndi ena. Chifukwa cha iwo, ndi Kuzindikira ndi chithunzi yalimbikitsa ililipo, akuwonetseredwa mu mbiri ndi mtundu wanyimbo kupenta, mitunda ndi zithunzi.

mwambo masiku ano makamaka unakhazikitsidwa mu Russia m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri. Izi zimaoneka mu ntchito ya Korovin, Serov, Ivanov ndi ena. Zitasintha, ndi pa maziko a miyambo imeneyi chinayamba zokomera Kuzindikira ndi chithunzi. chida ichi kulenga anali ozindikira zokongoletsa chinyezimiro cha mfundo zokhudza munthu ndi dziko. Mfundo imeneyi, nayenso chimachititsa nyengo ya kulimbana kwa mapangidwe ndi kulimbitsa dziko latsopano.

Kuzindikira ndi chithunzi anakhala waukulu luso malangizo mu USSR. Ganizo azimuth uyu anali kulengeza chifaniziro okhulupirika chenicheni chitukuko chosintha.

A mfundo yeniyeni zambiri anali kukonza ndi Gorky mu 1934, pa Writers 'Congress. Iye ananena kuti Kuzindikira ndi chithunzi, mabuku ndi luso ambiri lakonzedwa kuvomereza kukhala ngati kanthu. Monga njira kulenga, iye ali ndi ntchito kupitiriza kukula kwa mphamvu chidali anthu, chifukwa chimene izo zakhala n'zotheka kupambana pa mphamvu za chilengedwe chifukwa cha thanzi ndi moyo wautali anthu ndi chimwemwe chachikulu pa dziko. Choncho, Kuzindikira ndi chithunzi ndi zizolowezi zina luso la zitsulo ndi mtundu watsopano wa chikumbu kulenga.