Kutupa ndi chiyani?

Chemistry ndi sayansi yokondweretsa komanso yovuta kwambiri. Mawu ake ndi malingaliro ake amapezeka kwa ife tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo nthawi zonse sizitanthauzira momveka bwino zomwe akutanthauza komanso tanthauzo lake. Lingaliro limodzi lotero ndi solubility. Mawu awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu lingaliro la zothetsera, ndipo mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ife tikukumana ndi ntchito yake chifukwa iwo akuzunguliridwa ndi njira zomwezi. Koma sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri ndi lingaliro limeneli monga chodabwitsa chomwe chimatanthauza. Koma tisanati tipite ku gawo lalikulu la nkhani yathu, timapitirira mpaka zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, pamene Svante Arrhenius ndi Wilhelm Ostwald adalemba chiphunzitso cha electrolytic dissociation.

Mbiri

Kufufuzira njira zothetsera vutoli kumayambira ndi chiphunzitso cha kusokonezeka. Ndi losavuta kumvetsetsa, koma lopanda pake komanso nthawi zina zimagwirizana ndi zenizeni. Chofunika kwambiri cha chiphunzitso ichi ndi chakuti chinthu chosungunuka, chogwera mu njirayi, chimatha kukhala particles, yomwe imatchedwa ions. Ndizigawozi zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti zimayambitsa matenda ndi zina zomwe zimapangidwanso, kuphatikizapo mavitamini ndi madzi otentha, kusungunuka ndi kunyezimira.

Komabe, pali ziphunzitso zovuta kwambiri zomwe zimalingalira njira yothetsera vutoli, zomwe zimagwirizanitsana ndi kupanga zida zotchedwa "solvates". Dipole ndi, monga lonse, ma molecule osaloŵerera, mitengo yomwe imaperekedwa mosiyanasiyana. Dipolemel ndi kawirikawiri ndi molekyu yambiri. Kulowa mu njirayi, mankhwala osungunuka amatha kukhala amatsenga, ndipo dipoles amakoka ndi ion imodzi pamapeto osiyana nawo, ndi zina zotero, pamapeto pake, atayamikiridwa. Motero, zotupa zimapezeka - mamolekyu ndi chipolopolo cha mamolekyu ena osalowererapo.

Tsopano tiyeni tiyankhule pang'ono za momwe ziphunzitsozo zimakhalire ndikuwone bwino.

Lingaliro la zothetsera

Mapangidwe a particles amenewa akhoza kufotokoza zosiyana siyana zomwe sitingathe kufotokozera kachitidwe kake ka zothetsera. Mwachitsanzo, zotsatira za kutentha kwa kusokonezeka. Kuchokera pa malo a Arrhenius theory, n'zovuta kunena chifukwa, pamene kutaya chinthu chimodzi mu chimzake, kutentha kungatengeke ndi kumasulidwa. Inde, crystal lattice yawonongeka, choncho mphamvu imatha kutayidwa ndipo yankho lake lithazikika, kapena limatulutsidwa mu kuwonongeka chifukwa cha mphamvu yowonjezereka ya mankhwalawa. Koma kufotokozera izi kuchokera mu lingaliro la chiphunzitso chachikale ndizosatheka, popeza kuti njira yowonongeka imakhala yosamvetsetseka. Ndipo ngati mutagwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha mankhwala, zimakhala zomveka kuti ma selolekedwe a zosungunulira, okwatirana muzitali zazitali, amawononga mkati, monga "kutchinga" ion wina ndi mzake ndi chipolopolo cha Solvate.

Mu gawo lotsatirali, tidzakambirana zomwe zimapangidwanso ndi zonse zokhudzana ndi chiwonetserochi chowoneka chosavuta komanso chosamveka.

Lingaliro la kusungunuka

Ndizodziwikiratu bwino kuti kusungunula kumasonyeza momwe chinthu china chimakhalira pansi mupadera. Komabe, sitikudziwa pang'ono za momwe zinthu zimayendera. Bwanji, mwachitsanzo, choko sungasungunuke m'madzi, ndikupaka mchere mchere? Zonse zimakhudza mphamvu za mgwirizano mkati mwa molekyulu. Ngati zomangirazo ndizolimba, ndiye chifukwa cha izi, particles izi sizingasokoneze mu ions, kotero kuwononga kristalo. Kotero, izo zimakhalabe zosasungunuka.

Solubility ndi chiwonetsero chokwanira chomwe chimasonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotayika kumakhala ngati gawo la solvated particles. Kufunika kwake kumadalira mtundu wa zinthu zotayika ndi zosungunulira. Kusungunuka m'madzi kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi kosiyana, malingana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa ma atomu mu molekyulu. Zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndizomwe zimakhala zosasungunuka kwambiri, komabe anthu omwe ali ndi maunyolo a ionic ali ndi kudzipangitsa kwambiri.

Koma sizingatheke kuti mumvetsetse kuti kutentha kwake ndi kwakukulu komanso kochepa. Choncho, mu gawo lotsatirali tidzakambirana zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zisawonongeke m'madzi.

Kuyerekeza

Mu chilengedwe, pali zowonjezera zambiri zamadzimadzi. Zowonjezerapo pali zinthu zina zomwe zingakhale zotsiriza pamene zikhalidwe zina zimafikira, mwachitsanzo, dziko linalake. Zimakhala zoonekeratu kuti ngati tisonkhanitsa deta pazikhalitsa wina ndi mzake mwazigawo zosungunuka zowonongeka, sipadzakhala zokwanira kwamuyaya, chifukwa kuphatikiza kumapereka chiwerengero chachikulu. Choncho, zinachitika kuti pa dziko lathu lapansi, zosungunulira zonse ndi madzi. Iwo anachita izo chifukwa ndizofala kwambiri pa Dziko lapansi.

Choncho, tebulo la madzi lokhazikika limakonzedwa kwa zinthu zambirimbiri ndi zikwi zambiri. Tonse tinaziwona, koma mwachidule ndi zomveka bwino. M'maselo a tebulo olembedwa ma tebulo amatanthauza mankhwala osungunuka, osungunuka kapena osungunuka pang'ono. Koma pali matebulo ochepa kwambiri omwe angapangitse anthu omwe amadziwa zambiri zokhudza chilengedwe. Zikuwonetseratu kuchuluka kwa nambala ya solubility mu magalamu lita imodzi ya yankho.

Tsopano tiyeni titembenuzire ku lingaliro la lingaliro lotero monga kusungunula.

Chemistry ya solubility

Momwe chisinthidwe chomwecho chimachitika, ife tachotsa kale zigawo zapitazo. Koma bwanji, mwachitsanzo, kulemba izi zonse mwa mawonekedwe? Apa chirichonse si chophweka. Mwachitsanzo, pamene asidi amasungunuka, hydroid ion imagwirizana ndi madzi kuti ipange hydroxonium ion H ₃ O ⁺ . Potero, kwa HCl, momwe amafotokozera equation adzawoneka motere:

HCl + H ₂ O = H ₃ O ⁺ + Cl ^-

The solubility wa salt, malinga ndi mawonekedwe awo, amatsimikiziranso ndi mankhwala mankhwala. Kuwoneka kwakumapeto kumadalira mtundu wa mchere ndi zomangira mkati mwa mamolekyu ake.

Tatsimikiza momwe tingalembe mchere wothira madzi mumchere. Ino ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito.

Ntchito

Ngati tilembera milandu ngati kuchuluka kwake kuli kofunikira, sipadzakhala nthawi yokwanira. Mwachindunji, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwerengera zinthu zina zomwe ziri zofunika kwambiri pophunzira njira iliyonse. Popanda izi, sitinkadziwa kuti mankhwalawa ndi otani, ntchito yake, sangazindikire ngati mankhwalawo amachiritsa munthu kapena amapha (makamaka, mochuluka, ngakhale madzi ndi owopsa moyo).

Kuwonjezera pa mafakitale a mankhwala ndi zasayansi, kumvetsa kufunika kwa kusungunuka n'kofunikanso m'moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Ndipotu, nthawi zina zimayenera kukonzekera, kunena kuti, supersaturated yankho la chinthu. Mwachitsanzo, m'pofunika kupeza makandulo amchere chifukwa cha ntchito ya kunyumba. Podziwa kuchepa kwa mchere m'madzi, titha kudziwa mosavuta kufunika kwa kugona m'chombo, kotero kuti chimayamba kuthamanga ndikupanga makina osokoneza bongo.

Tisanamalize ulendo wathu wautali, tiyeni tiyankhule za mfundo zingapo zomwe zili pafupi ndi kusungunula.

Chinanso chochititsa chidwi ndi chiyani?

Malingaliro athu, ngati mwafika pamutu uno, mwinamwake mumamvetsa kale kuti kusungunuka sikungokhala zachilendo mankhwala ambiri. Ndicho maziko a zina zambiri. Ndipo pakati pawo: ndondomeko, ntchito, kusokonezeka nthawi zonse, pH. Ndipo iyi si mndandanda wathunthu. Mukuyenera kuti munamva chimodzi mwa mawu awa. Popanda kudziwa izi za njira zothetsera vutoli, kuphunzira komwe kunayambira ndi kusungunula, sitingaganizirenso zamakono zamakono ndi sayansi. Kodi physics imatanthauza chiyani? Nthaŵi zina asayansi amagwiritsanso ntchito njira zothetsera mavuto, kuyeza kayendetsedwe kawo, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zina zawo pazofuna zawo.

Kutsiliza

M'nkhani ino tidziwa zambiri za mankhwala monga kusungunula. Izi, mwinamwake, zinali zothandiza kwambiri, chifukwa ambiri aife sitingaganize mozama za chidziwitso cha njira zothetsera mavuto, popanda kukhala ndi chikhumbo cholowera mwatsatanetsatane mu phunziro lake. Mulimonsemo, ndibwino kuphunzitsa ubongo wanu, kuphunzira chinachake chatsopano. Ndipotu, munthu ayenera "kuphunzira, kuphunzira ndi kuphunzira".