Kulimbikira mkati mwa magetsi. Kukana - chilinganizo

The magetsi mu wochititsa kumachitika mchikakamizo cha magetsi kumunda zimayambitsa mlandu particles kubwera lotayirira motsogozedwa kuyenda. Kujambula tinthu apano - vuto lalikulu. Kumanga chipangizo chomwe kukhala kusiyana pakati pa zimphamvu za kuthengo mu chikhalidwe chomwecho kwa nthawi yaitali - inayake imene anasonyeza mphamvu ya umunthu mpaka cha m'ma XVIII.

Zoyesayesa loyamba

Zoyesayesa choyamba 'kupulumutsa magetsi "kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku ndi ntchito anapangidwa ndi Netherlands. German Ewald Jürgen Von Kleist ndi munthu wa ku Netherlands Pieter galimoto Musschenbroek amene anachita kafukufuku wawo m'tauni ya Leiden, analenga capacitor oyamba padziko lonse lapansi, anadzatchedwa "Leyden mtsuko".

Kudzikundikira mlandu magetsi kale imene mikangano makina. Gwiritsani kumaliseche kudzera wochititsa akanakhoza kwa ena, mwachilungamo lalifupi, nthawi imeneyi.

Chigonjetso cha nzeru za anthu pa oterewa ephemeral mankhwala, monga magetsi, anali woukira boma.

Mwatsoka, kumaliseche kwa (magetsi inawadutsa opangidwa capacitor) inatenga aafupi kuti kulenga panopa mwachindunji sakanakhoza. Komanso, voteji kwapatsidwa mwa capacitor pang'onopang'ono amachepetsa, lomwe limafotokoza mwayi kulandira mosalekeza panopa.

Ife tinali kupeza njira ina.

Gwero loyamba

Chitaliyana Galvani zatsopano phunziro la "nyama magetsi" anali kuyesa choyambirira kupeza gwero zachilengedwe mphamvu zachilengedwe. Atapachikidwa miyendo okonzeka chule pa kabati zitsulo mbedza chitsulo, iye anafotokoza kuti ayankhe khalidwe la molekezera mitsempha.

Komabe, mfundo Galvani anatsutsa wina Italy - Alessandro Volta. Chidwi ndi kuthekera magetsi ku zamoyo nyama anachita mndandanda wa zinthu zatsopano ndi achule. Koma mapeto anali wosiyana kwambiri ndi malingaliro chake choyambacho.

Volts amatchuka kuti ndi zamoyo ndi kokha chizindikiro cha kumaliseche magetsi. Pamene panopa miyendo minofu mgwirizano, kusonyeza kusiyana angathe. Gwero la m'munda magetsi anatembenuka yosiyana zitsulo kukhudzana. Patsogolo popanda ali pali zinthu mankhwala, wamkulu mmene.

Mbale wa zitsulo yosiyana anaika pepala zimbale impregnated ndi njira electrolyte, kupanga nthawi yaitali chofunika kusiyana angathe. Ndipo ngakhale otsika (1.1 V), koma mphamvu ya magetsi akhoza kuphunzira kwa nthawi yaitali. Chinthu chachikulu ndi kuti voteji anachisunga zonse bola.

Chikuchitika

Chifukwa mu njira amatchedwa "electrochemical maselo", wotchedwa amenewa?

Awiri zitsulo maelekitirodi anaikidwa insulator, ndi maudindo osiyana. Limodzi akukamba ma elekitironi, ena alandira iwo. Ndondomeko redox anachita kumachititsa owonjezera ma elekitironi pa elekitirodi wina wotchedwa mtengo zoipa, ndipo vuto chachiwiri, amaimira ngati gwero osachiritsika positive.

Mu zochita zophweka kwambiri galvanic makutidwe ndi okosijeni selo zikuchitika pa elekitirodi wina, zobwezeretsa - pa ena. The ma elekitironi kufika pa maelekitirodi kuchokera mbali kunja dera la. The electrolyte ndi wochititsa panopa mkati gwero ion. kukana mphamvu kutsogozedwa ndi Kutalika kwa ndondomekoyi.

Mkuwa nthaka amafotokozera

Mfundo ntchito maselo electrochemical chidwi kuona chitsanzo cha mkuwa nthaka kanthu galvanic cell amene amapita ndi nthaka mphamvu ndi sulphate mkuwa. gwero la mbale mkuwa aikidwa mu njira ya sulphate mkuwa, ndi elekitirodi nthaka ndi kumizidwa mu njira nthaka sulphate. Njira anagawanika PAD porous kupewa kuyanjana, koma sikuti tinachita.

Ngati dera chatsekedwa, pamwamba wosanjikiza nthaka ndi oxidized. Mu ndondomeko ya ntchito mogwirizana ndi nthaka maatomu madzi inasanduka ayoni kuonekera mu njira. Pa elekitirodi ndi ma elekitironi akumasulidwa, amene angathe kutenga mbali mu mapangidwe panopa.

Kukwera elekitirodi mkuwa, ma elekitironi akugwira nawo zimene kuchepetsa. Kuyambira njira kumtunda wosanjikiza pamwamba pa ayoni mkuwa kufika mu ndondomeko kuchira iwo n'kukhala maatomu zamkuwa anakaika pa mbale mkuwa.

Mwachidule zimene zikuchitika: ndondomeko ntchito selo limodzi ndi kusintha elekitironi reductant kuti oxidant gawo lakunja la unyolo. Zochita zimachitika pa maelekitirodi awiri. Mkati gwero umayenda ion panopa.

Kuvuta kwa ntchito

Mfundo iliyonse ya zotheka zochita redox angagwiritsidwe ntchito mabatire. Koma zinthu angathe kugwira ntchito mu masheya a zinthu zina, osati kwambiri. Komanso zimene ambiri amafuna zipangizo zokwera mtengo ndalama.

mabatire Modern ndi dongosolo losavuta. maelekitirodi awiri anayikidwa mu electrolyte wina nadzaza chotengera - mlandu batire. Chotero kapangidwe wosalira zambiri kapangidwe ndi kuchepetsa mtengo wa mabatire a.

Aliyense selo electrochemical Ngokhoza kulenga panopa mwachindunji.

DC kukana salola ayoni onse imodzi kuyatsa maelekitirodi, kotero unit ukugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali. zochita mankhwala kubala ayoni kenako kutsazikana mchitidwe akatulutsidwa.

Kulimbikira mkati mwa magetsi n'kofunika.

A pang'ono kukaniza

Ntchito magetsi, mosakaika, wabweretsa sayansi ndi luso patsogolo mlingo watsopano, anam'patsa mphamvu yaikulu. Koma mphamvu ya kukana kuti otaya panopa afika mu njira ya chitukuko chotero.

Pa dzanja limodzi, ya magetsi ali katundu kwambiri ntchito kunyumba Technology, pa zina - pali kukana. Physics ngati sayansi ya chikhalidwe akuyesera kuti zinthu moyenerera, kugwirizanitsa zinthu izi.

kukana panopa auka kwa interplay wa particles electrically mlandu chinthu chimene iwo ikuyenda. Musakhale ndondomeko izi mu zinthu zachilendo kutentha, sikutheka.

kukaniza

Kulimbikira mkati gwero panopa ndi kukana kuti mbali kunja dera ali angapo chikhalidwe chosiyana, koma mofanana mu njira izi ndi kugoletsa ntchito kupita mlandu.

Ntchitoyo payokha zimatengera yekha pa katundu wa gwero ndi wokhutira: makhalidwe a maelekitirodi ndi electrolyte, komanso magawo kunja dera, kulimbikira kwa potsata magawo zojambula ndi katundu mankhwala zakuthupi. Mwachitsanzo, kulimbikira kwa waya zitsulo kumawonjezera ndi m'litali ndi amachepetsa ndi kutambasuka yachigawo m'deralo. Kuthetsa vutoli, mmene tingachepetsere kulimbikira Physics akuonetsa ntchito zipangizo zapadera.

Jobs panopa

Malinga ndi lamulo la Joule mu ochititsa allocated kuchuluka kwa kutentha ndi njila kwa kukana lapansi. Ngati kuchuluka kwa kutentha Q kutanthauza _ext. , Mphamvu panopa Ine, otaya nthawi T, ife kupeza:

• Q _ext. = I ^{2 ·} r Mukhoza · T,

kumene r Mukhoza - kulimbikira mkati mwa magetsi.

Mu dera lonse kuphatikizapo onsewa mkati ndi kunja, chiwerengero cha kutentha anatsindika, chilinganizo cha ndilo:

• Q _okwana = I ^{2 ·} r Mukhoza · T + Ine ^{2 ·} R · T = I ^{2 ·} (R + R) · T,

Amadziwika monga amaimira mu sayansi kukana: dera Link (zinthu zonse kupatula gwero) ali ndi kulimbikira R.

lamulo Ohm kwa unyolo wathunthu

Taonani kuti ambiri mwa ntchito mphamvu kunja kwake sanapanganso gwero panopa. Kukula ndi wofanana ndi chipatso cha mtengo adatengedwa ndi munda, ndipo electromotive mphamvu gwero:

• Q · E = I ² · (R + R) · T.

pozindikira kuti aziyang'anila ndi wofanana ndi mankhwala a mphamvu panopa pa nthawi yatsoka ake, tili:

• E = I · (r Mukhoza + R).

Malinga ndi ubale chifukwa ndi zotsatira chilamulo Ohm zimaperekedwa ndi:

• Ine = E: (r Mukhoza + R).

Mphamvu panopa mu chatsekedwa dera EMF mwachindunji njila kwa gwero mphamvu ndi inversely njila kwa chonse (okwana) dera kukana.

Kuchokera pa ndondomeko imeneyi, n'zotheka kudziwa kukana mkati ndi gwero panopa.

The capacitance kumaliseche gwero

Makhalidwe akuluakulu a magwero ndi zingaphatikizepo kumaliseche mphamvu. Kuchuluka pazipita magetsi analandira pamene zikugwira ntchito pa zinthu zina, malinga ndi kumaliseche panopa.

Pankhani abwino, pamene approximations ena anachita za mphamvu kumaliseche tinganene kuti zonse.

Mwachitsanzo, batire muyezo ndi 1.5 V kusiyana angathe nthenda mphamvu 0,5 Ah. Ngati kumaliseche panopa 100 MA, ndiye opareshoni kwa maola 5.

Njira nawuza mabatire

Ntchito batire la kumabweretsa kumaliseche awo. Kuchira batire nawuza zinthu zochepa anachita panopa ndani Mtengo chakhumi n'komwe za chidebe gwero.

Zotsatirazi nawuza njira:

• ntchito yatsopano nthawi zonse kwa nthawi anakonzeratu (16 hours 0,1 panopa batire mphamvu);
• kutsitsa panopa nauza ku mtengo anakonzeratu kusiyana kuthekera;
• Gwiritsani mafunde asymmetrical;
• motsatizana ntchito nyemba yochepa nawuza ndi lililonse, imene woyamba ndi wamkulu kuposa wachiwiri.

ntchito yothandiza

Akufuna Ntchito kudziwa kukana mkati mwa panopa gwero ndi EMF.

Kukhazikitsa ake ayenera kuti asungidwe ndi gwero panopa, ndi ammeter, voltmeter, Wopanda rheostat, akonzedwa chifungulo cha akuwauza.

Ntchito malamulo Ohm kwa dera chatsekedwa adzaona kulimbikira mkati mwa gwero panopa. Kuti tichite zimenezi, muyenera kudziwa EMF mtengo wa kukana rheostat.

Calculated panopa kukana chilinganizo mu gawo lakunja la unyolo zingadziŵike ndi Chilamulo Ohm kwa subcircuit:

• Ine = U: R,

kumene ine - ziliri pa dera lakunja chimaonekera mwa ammeter ndi; U - voteji pa resistor kunja.

Kuonjezera lolondola muyeso yotentha ndi nthawi osachepera 5. Kodi kuchita? The anayeza pa kuyesera voteji, kukana, zikusinthira (zambiri ndendende, panopa) ntchito hereinafter.

Kudziwa electromotive mphamvu mphamvu zoyendetsera, ntchito chakuti voteji kudutsa malo ake pamene lotseguka mtsempha pafupifupi wofanana EMF lapansi.

Kuika unyolo wa mabatire mndandanda-olumikizidwa, resistors, ammeter kiyi. The malo a kasupe panopa kugwirizana ndi voltmeter. Disconnecting lophimba, kuchotsa umboni wake.

Kulimbikira mkati, zomwe chilinganizo anachokera ku chilamulo Ohm kwa dera okwana umakhala masamu:

• Ine = E: (r Mukhoza + R).
• r Mukhoza = E: I - U: I.

Miyezo kusonyeza kuti kukana mkati n'chochepa kwambiri kuposa kunja kwa.

Ntchito yeniyeni ya batire ndi batire ali ndi ntchito lonse. Wosatsutsika zachilengedwe chitetezo cha Motors magetsi N'zosakayikitsa, koma kulenga capacious batire, ergonomic - vuto la sayansi yamakono. zochita zake zidzayambitsa wozungulira atsopano chitukuko cha luso magalimoto.

Yaying'ono, opepuka, mkulu-mphamvu mabatire n'kofunikanso mu mafoni zipangizo zamagetsi. kundipatsako kwa mphamvu ntchito zili zokhudza ntchito ya mankhwala.