Sulfa (balati sulfure.) - nonmetal amafotokozera. Chizindikiro mankhwala S, ndi siriyo chiwerengero mu tebulo zodziwitsa - 16 Valence sulfure choikidwacho ngakhale musanayambe kuphunzira kapangidwe ka maatomu. Mtengo wake anatsimikiza zochokera katundu wogwirizira, kukopa kapena angagwirizanitse angapo maatomu ena kapena magulu. Kenako ofufuza anapeza udindo wa particles zoipa mlandu (ma elekitironi) likhoza mankhwala muzikondana.
Valence sulfure; ndiyo makamaka maatomu bwanji kufunika kwake?
Ambiri mankhwala mchitidwe Padziko Lapansi ndi pa malo 16. Kumachitika mu mawonekedwe a mibulu yowala chikasu kapena ufa mu miyala pafupi mapiri yogwira ndi wofooka. Odziwika mankhwala achilengedwe - sulphides ndi sulphates.
Features a zinthu ndi zinthu:
- Amphamvu nonmetal.
- Ndi electronegativity (EO) kapena luso pofuna kukopa zokolola ma elekitironi sulfure yekha fluorine, mpweya, asafe, chlorine ndi bromine.
- Umakaphatikizana ndi zitsulo ndi nonmetals, yosavuta mankhwala zovuta.
Kusiyana katundu zimadalira dongosolo ndi chikhalidwe cha maatomu, kusiyana kwa makhalidwe a EO. Tiyeni tione zimene zingakhale mu valence mankhwala a sulfa. khalidwe lawo mankhwala zimadalira Kapangidwe ka envulopu mphamvu, chiwerengero ndi makonzedwe a ma elekitironi lakunja mu maatomu.
Chifukwa valency ndi osiyana?
isotopes Khola chilengedwe sulfure ndi manambala Unyinji wa 32 (ambiri), 33, 34 ndi 36. Aliyense wa nuclides izi atomu 16 lili mapulotoni ndithu mlandu. Danga pafupi phata la kusuntha ndi liwiro lalikulu la 16 ma elekitironi. Iwo ali wamphamvu yaing'ono, moyipa mlandu. Pasanathe chidwi ndi phata (looser) 6 particles kunja. Ambiri kapena onse a iwo kumatanthauza mapangidwe osiyanasiyana mankhwala muzikondana. Malinga ndi mfundo ano valence sulfure anatsimikiza ndi nambala ya analenga wamba (mgwirizano) elekitironi awiriawiri. Kawirikawiri mafanizo particles kunja nawo ndondomeko, kudzera mwa mfundo padziko chizindikiro mankhwala.
Monga valence zimadalira kapangidwe ka maatomu?
Ndi dongosolo la tingasonyeze misinkhu ndi sublevels (s, p, d) ntchito mphamvu chithunzi kumene valence sulfure amadalira chilinganizo. Awiri oppositely imatsogoleredwa mivi amaimira wophatikizidwa, wina - unpaired ma elekitironi. Kunja danga sulfure atomu orbitals mawonekedwe a particles 6 ndi 8 M'pofunika mtendere wa octet ulamuliro. Valence chipolopolo kasinthidwe akuganizira chilinganizo 3s23p4. Ma elekitironi yosatha wosanjikiza ndi malo lalikulu la mphamvu, zomwe zimabweretsa boma osalimba a maatomu. Pofuna kukwaniritsa mtendere wa atomu sulfure amafuna awiri zina particles negative. Iwo akhoza kuwapeza pa mapangidwe nsinga covalent ndi zinthu zina kapena chifukwa mayamwidwe wa ma elekitironi awiri ufulu. Pankhaniyi, sulfure ndi valence II (-). Mtengo chomwecho akhoza zopezera ntchito njira: 8 - 2 = 6, kumene 6 - ndi gulu nambala imene amafotokozera.
Kodi pali mankhwala omwe valence sulfure ndi II (-)?
Mchitidwe amakopeka kapena kwathunthu amatenga ma elekitironi ku maatomu ndi phindu electronegativity m'munsi malinga Pauling lonse. Valency II (-) zikusonyezedwa sulfides zitsulo ndi nonmetals. Gulu zokhudza mankhwala amenewa amapezeka mu zikuchokera miyala ndi mchere ndi zofunika kwambiri zothandiza. Zikuphatikizapo galasi (FeS), sphalerite (ZnS), galena (PBS), ndi zinthu zina. chitsulo sulfide makhiristo ndi zabwino Satana mtundu ndi luster. "Waopusa Gold" galasi mchere mChipangano. Chifukwa zitsulo ku ores awo anagwira calcining kapena kuchepetsa. Haidrojeni sulfide H2S ali yemweyo nyumba zamagetsi, monga madzi. Magwero a H2S:
- adzamasulidwa pa oipa mapulotini (mwachitsanzo, nkhuku mazira);
- Iwo Inayamba ndi mpweya chiphala;
- Iwo amasonkhana mu madzi achilengedwe, mafuta;
- anamasulidwa mu voids mu matanthwe a pansi padziko.
N'chifukwa chiyani chilinganizo valent okusayidi sulfure SO2?
Chilinganizo woipa limasonyeza kuti munthu sulfure atomu mu molekyulu ndi akapolo kwa maatomu mpweya awiri, omwe ayenera kukhala 2 kwa elekitironi octet. Ubwenzi chifukwa ali mwa chibadwa covalent kumalo ozizira (EO kwambiri mpweya). The valence wa sulfa m'magawo pawiri uyu ali ndi phindu IV (+), chifukwa sulfure atomu elekitironi 4 ndi amene anathawira kwa maatomu awiri oxygen. Ndondomeko akhoza kulembedwa monga: S2O4, koma motsatira malamulo ayenera kuchepetsedwa ndi 2. woipa pamene kusungunuka m'njira madzi sulfurous asidi ayoni ali ofooka. salt ake - sulphites - amphamvu kuchepetsa wothandizira. gasi SO2 ndi mungafike mu ulimi wa asidi sulfuric.
Amene zinthu sulfure akusonyeza valence ake apamwamba?
Okusayidi kapena SO3 S2O6 - madzi colorless pa kutentha m'munsimu 17 ° C, ikamauma. Mu pawiri la SO3 ndi valence mpweya II (-), ndi VI (+) sulfure. Apamwamba okusayidi dissolves m'madzi ndipo ndipamene amphamvu dibasic asidi sulfuric. Chifukwa ndi udindo waukulu mu ndondomeko kupanga chinthu amatchedwa kuti "mkate wa makampani mankhwala a." yofunika kwambiri chuma mankhwala uli salt asidi - sulphates. Gwiritsani hydrated kashiamu (gypsum), ndi sodium (mchere Glauber a), mankhwala enaake a (English kapena mchere owawa).
Mapangidwe osiyanasiyana mankhwala kogwirizana kutenga nawo mbali 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, ma elekitironi akunja. Timatcha zotheka valence sulfure, anapatsidwa kuti pali chosowa ndi wosakhazikika pawiri: I (-), II (-), II (+), III (+), IV (+), VI (+). A yachiwiri zabwino valence mchitidwe amapeza monoxide CHONCHO. Mtengo ambiri II (-), IV (+), VI (+) chimasonyeza sulfa m'magawo zikuchokera gulu la zinthu ndi kufunika mafakitale ulimi ndi mankhwala. mankhwala ake ntchito kupanga makombola.
The Vuto lalikulu ndi adani mpweya zinyalala, kuphatikizapo zoipa anthu ndi chilengedwe cha oxides sulfure IV (+), VI (+ ) ndipo sulfide wa hydrogen. Kukhazikika luso kwa processing mpweya izi zinyalala ndi kupeza nawo ku sulfates asidi sulfuric. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, zomera mankhwala anamangidwira pafupi mphero zitsulo kapena mu dera limodzi. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa yafupika, pali zochepa "sulfuric asidi mvula."