Kodi zitsulo? The katundu ndi makhalidwe a zitsulo

Kodi zitsulo? Chikhalidwe cha thunthu anali ndi chidwi kalelo. Ndani anatsegula za 96 zitsulo mitundu. chikhalidwe chawo, ndipo tidzakambirana chiyani m'nkhani.

Kodi zitsulo?

Chiwerengero chachikulu cha zinthu mu tebulo nthawi amatanthauza zitsulo. Tsopano amadziwika kuti munthu 96 okha a mtundu wawo. Aliyense ali ndi mbali yake, zomwe zambiri sanayambe anamvetsa.

Kodi zitsulo? Ichi ndi losavuta mankhwala, amene amakhala ndi mkulu magetsi ndi matenthedwe madutsidwe, zabwino kutentha madutsidwe koyefishienti. zitsulo kwambiri mphamvu yapamwamba, ductility ndi zokolola kulipira. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zimasiyanitsa ndi kukhalapo kwa luster zachitsulo.

Tanthauzo la "zitsulo" amagwirizana ndi métallion Greek, pofunika "kukumba m'dziko" ndi "buku wanga". Mu terminology Russian zinafika pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Peter Ine chinenero German (German. Metall), chimene mawu kusamukira ku Latin.

thupi katundu

zinthu zitsulo zambiri ductility zabwino, kupatulapo malata, nthaka, ndi manganese. Osalimba, iwo anawagawa kuwala (zotayidwa, lifiyamu) ndi katundu (osmium, tungsten). Ambiri ali ndi limatsogolera mfundo mkulu, osiyanasiyana okwana zimasiyanasiyana - 39 Hg digiri 3410 Celsius kwa tungsten.

Pansi bwinobwino zinthu, zitsulo onse kupatula Mercury ndi France, olimba. Mlingo wa kuuma anatsimikiza pamlingo pamlingo Moss, mmene munthu pazipita mfundo 10 imatengedwa. Choncho, chovuta ndi tungsten ndi ureniamu (6.0), ndi chofewetsetsa ndi cesium (0.2). zitsulo ambiri ndi silvery, bluish ndi imvi mithunzi, koma ena achilendo wachikasu ndi wofiira mitundu.

Mu lattices awo galasi ndi mafoni ma elekitironi, kuwapanga kwambiri khalidwe magetsi inawadutsa ndi kutentha. Ndi bwino kuthana nazo siliva ndi mkuwa. Iwo ali otsika matenthedwe madutsidwe wa mankhwala enaake.

katundu mankhwala

Ndi katundu mankhwala zitsulo anasiyanitsidwa mu kuchuluka kwa magulu. Pakati pawo, soda zitsulo, zamchere lapansi, mapapo, ndi actinides actinium, lanthanum ndi lanthanides, semimetals. Payokha ndi magnesium ndi beryllium.

Childs, zitsulo zinthu monga kuchepetsa wothandizila omwe sanali zitsulo. Iwo ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, choncho anachita kwa zinthu zofanana. The yogwira kwambiri ndi zitsulo soda, iwo anatani mosavuta ndi wa hydrogen, madzi.

Pa zochitika zina, nthawi kucheza ndi zitsulo ndi oxygen. Anachita izo si golide ndi pulatinamu. Iwo samva kuti chlorine ndi sulfure, mosiyana ndi zitsulo zina. Zamchere gulu oxidized m'malo wamba, ndi zina pa kutentha.

Kukhala chikhalidwe

Mu chikhalidwe, zitsulo amapezeka makamaka ores kapena mankhwala, mwachitsanzo, oxides, salt, carbonates. Pamaso ntchito, akukumana njira yaitali kuyeretsedwa. zitsulo ambiri ayende madipoziti mchere. Motero, mbali ya cadmium nthaka ores, scandium ndi tantalum amaphatikizidwa ndi malata.

Kamodzi mu mawonekedwe woyera imapezeka inert, ie, zitsulo sanali yogwira. Chifukwa cha chiwopsezo ofooka kuti makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndipo dzimbiri, iwo anapambana mutu wa mfulu. Zikuphatikizapo golide, pulatinamu, siliva, ruthenium, osmium, palladium, ndi zina zotero. D. Precious zitsulo ndi kusintha kwambiri ndi kukhala ndi khalidwe yowala luster mu chotsirizidwa.

Zitsulo ali ponseponse. Lalikulu zedi, iwo ali kutumphuka dziko lapansi. Ambiri ali zotayidwa, chitsulo, sodium, magnesium, calcium, titaniyamu ndi potaziyamu. Zimapezeka m'nyanjamo (sodium wochuluka, magnesium), ndi mbali ya zamoyo. Mu thupi, zitsulo alipo mu fupa (kashiamu) mu magazi (chitsulo), mantha dongosolo (magnesium), minofu (magnesium) ndi ziwalo zina.

Kuphunzira ndi ntchito

Kodi zitsulo kudziwika otukuka kwambiri wakale. Pakati amapeza Aigupto pofukula chibwenzi ku 3-4 Zakachikwi BC, nkhani anapanga zitsulo zamtengo wapatali apezeka. Munthu woyamba anatulukira golide, mkuwa, siliva, kutsogolera chitsulo, tini Mercury. Iwo anatumikira kupanga zodzikongoletsera, zipangizo, zinthu miyambo ndi zida.

Mu Middle Ages chinapezeka antimony, Arsenic, bismuth ndi nthaka. Nthawi zambiri Ufumuyo katundu zamatsenga, amagwirizana ndi danga, kayendedwe ka mapulaneti. Asayansi imachitika zatsopano zambiri chiyembekezo kutembenuza Mercury mu madzi kapena golide. Pang'onopang'ono, chiwerengero cha atulukira kuchuluka, ndipo XXI atumwi onse zitsulo pakalipano ankagwidwa.

Tsopano iwo ntchito pafupifupi mitundu ya moyo. Miyala ntchito kuti zodzikongoletsera, makina, sitima, magalimoto. Awa, kupanga mafelemu kwa nyumba, kutulutsa mipando, m'madera osiyanasiyana yaing'ono.

Kwambiri magetsi madutsidwe anapanga zitsulo singasiyanitsidwe kupanga mawaya, chifukwa iye, pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi.