Bhakti ku India

Bhakti monga gulu lachipembedzo wakhalapo kuyambira Kale, koma kwa zaka XIV-XV. muona kuwonjezeka lakuthwa mu kutchuka ake, maonekedwe a gulu la alaliki luso, ena mbali yatsopano m'chiphunzitso. Ndithudi, Islam, Sufism makamaka, wapereka kutsogolera chitsitsimutso cha ganizo chikhalidwe, makamaka chipembedzo. Koma unachita ndi chitukuko cha mizinda, kuchuluka kwa anthu m'tauni, kwambiri anakhudza mapangidwe limati Muslim, chapamwamba wosanjikiza wa ambuye ang'onoang'ono amene kulunjika pamoyo m'tawuni. City wowerengeka, osema, amalonda, ndi osauka, zikuoneka ankafuna munthu mfundo, kumasuka ku miyambo okhwima ndi Chihindu ndi Chisilamu, ndipo analankhula kwa zigawo zonse za anthu. Kufunika chimachititsa zipolowe m'mizinda, zikamera angapo a Muslim, mipatuko Hindu, ndi mipatuko, ogwirizana zanyengo kakaka a Chihindu ndi Chisilamu, nthawi zambiri zinachititsa pogalukira olemekezeka, mullahs. Kufunika kumaonekera maonekedwe m'madera osiyanasiyana India olalikira bhakti.

Ramananda (mochedwa XIV -. Chiyambi cha m'ma XV) analengeza kufunika zosabvuta pa mpatuko ndi chifooke malamulo Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira. ntchito yake yolalikira, mudayamba kum'mwera, ndipo kenako mu Varanasi. Iye sanalenge sukulu yaikulu ya otsatira, koma mmodzi wa ophunzira ake, ndi Muslim Kabnr (XV c.), Yopangidwa chiphunzitso ndipo anathandizapo kufalitsa. Kubwereza ndi kutamanda dzina la Mulungu, aliyense mwa maina ake Kabir - kwambiri mwachindunji ndi njira yokhayo kudziwa Mulungu komanso kuphatikiza naye. Compliance ndi malamulo a Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira ndi Hindu ndi miyambo Muslim zilibe kanthu. Continuer ziphunzitso Kabnra Nanak (1469-1539) anaphunzitsa mu Punjab. otsatira ake Chishiite (ophunzira) kuti anathandiza anthu ammudzi, lomwe linali mitu yawo (mphunzitsi), koma malembo awo ( "Adi Granth"), olembedwa mwapadera anatulukira zilembo izi (gurmukhn), ndipo ngakhale likulu lake (Amritsar).

Sikhism, anaphunzitsa kuti Mulungu ali mmodzi, alibe dzina ndi maonekedwe. dziko ndi akumenya mosalekeza pakati pa kuwala ndi mdima chiyambi. kulimbana zimenezi zikuchitika mu moyo wa munthu. Sikhism anazindikira lingaliro Hindu la Karma (chilango chifukwa cha zochita m'mbuyomu) ndi Samsara (mulo), koma anakana dongosolo Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira ndipo analengeza osati Kuyanjana pakathi pa onse pamaso pa Mulungu, komanso kufanana chikhalidwe pansi. The Chisiki analamulidwa kuchita, moyo malonda, kusamalira achibale ndi ubwino wa dera lonse, kuteteza chikhulupiriro chawo dera woyamba m'manja. Chikhalidwe demokalase wa Sikhism kuchuluka pamene, pambuyo chakhumi Nanak Guru Govind (1675- 1708) anathetsa Institute mphunzitsi m'manja mphamvu mderalo (Khalsa) zambiri anatumizidwa ku Chishiite onse dzina Singh ( "Mkango") ndi kusintha lonse dera ua nkhondo maziko.

mayendedwe bhakti mulibe ukulu chomwecho. Mu Gujarat, m'zaka XV. anali mlaliki wodziwika Narasimha Mehta, Kashmir - Lalla. Mu Bengal ndi Orissa anaphunzitsa Chaithanya (1486-1535). Iye analankhula za chikondi ndi kudzipereke kwa Mulungu, Kuyanjana pakathi pa onse pamaso pake, anatenga ku mudzi wa onse - Ahindu ndi Asilamu, Brahmins ndi untouchables. Mu Maharashtra, sukulu zachitika mu bhakti Pandharpur. Kwa mwiniwake Dzhianeshvara ndi Namdev (zaka XIII-XIV.), Screen Nath ndi Tukaram (zaka XV-XVI.), Ramdas (XVII atumwi.). M'dera la Mathura kutchuka anasangalala ashram (obisika) Valla- bhachari, amene anali mmodzi wa amene adayambitsa ya ndakatulo mu Hindi -Sur Das (zaka XV-XVI.). Wotsatira wa bhakti anali ndakatulo kwambiri ndi Hindi Tulsi Das (1532-1624), pochitika pa chinenero cha wakale ndakatulo "Ramayana". The Mithila anachita wina wolemba ndakatulo kwambiri Vidyapati Thakur (XV c.), Amene imatengedwa ngati mithilskoy tingachipeze powerenga ndi Chibengali mabuku. Mu Rajasthan, zinali wotchuka wophunzira Kabir, Dadu mlaliki (1544-1603). Anayambitsa ndakatulo ndi radzhastha- suona ndizina Krishna poetess Mirabai (XVI atumwi.). Pamodzi ndi mafunde ndi kwakukulu bhakti analipo kwa ndiwofatsa kwambiri. inawo ukufanizidwa ndi ntchito za ndakatulo Tulsi Das, sankamutsutsa Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira wolowezana kotero ndithudi, monga alaliki ena ambiri bhakti.

Kaphatikizidwe wa Hindu ndi Muslim unaonekera osati ntchito ya ndakatulo bhakti. Iye analinso paluso - zomangamanga, kupenta (kakang'ono), nyimbo, kuvina. Big udindo mu zaka XIV-XVI. mu ndondomeko imeneyi nyimbo ndi sultanates ochepa, breakaway Delhi (boma Benga- Leah, Jaunpur, Gujarat, Malwa), kumene udindo wa amafotokozera mlendo anali kakang'ono kuposa mu likulu la North India, ndi pamene ulamuliro osankhika anaima pafupi ndi pamwamba pa Ahindu. Mu XVI- XVII zaka., Pamene Mughals, ndi makhoti ali kale padishahs chikhalidwe Hindu chapeza udindo amphamvu.