Non-zitsulo - kodi izo ...? katundu wa sanali zitsulo

Non-zitsulo - ndi zinthu zimasiyana thupi katundu ndi mankhwala zitsulo. Mwatsatanetsatane chifukwa kusiyana awo okha kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX, Atapeza dongosolo la zamagetsi la maatomu. Kodi ali wapadera kwambiri za amene sanali zitsulo? Kodi ndi makhalidwe ati khalidwe la tsiku? Dziwani izi.

Non-zitsulo - ndi chiyani ichi?

Njira kugawira zinthu mu zitsulo ndi sanali zitsulo kale analipo mu asayansi. Gulu loyamba mu tebulo zodziwitsa nthawi anatchula chinthu 94. Nonmetals monga Mendeleev mchitidwe 22. The dongosolo zodziwitsa iwo amakhala chapamwamba pomwe ngodya.

The ufulu mawonekedwe sanali zitsulo - ndi nkhani yamasewera, mbali yaikulu ya ndilo pakalibe khalidwe katundu zachitsulo. Iwo akhoza kukhala mu chikhalidwe aliyense wa loitanirana. Choncho, ayodini, phosphorous, sulfure, mpweya zopezeka mu mawonekedwe a zolimba. Gaseous boma khalidwe la mpweya, asafe, fluorine ndi T. D. The madzi bromine yekha.

Mu nonmetals chikhalidwe zinthu angathe kukhala mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala enaake kapena mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala. Opezeka unbound mawonekedwe sulfure, asafe, oxygen. Mu mankhwala iwo apanga borates, phosphates, ndi zina zotero. D. mu fomu iyi, iwo alipo mu mchere, madzi, miyala.

Mosiyana ndi zitsulo

Non-zitsulo - ndi zinthu zosiyana zitsulo maonekedwe, kapangidwe ndi katundu mankhwala. Iwo ali ambiri ma elekitironi unpaired mu mlingo lakunja, choncho, ndi yogwira mu zochita makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndipo mophweka kudziphatika kwa ma elekitironi zina okha.

Kusiyana khalidwe zimawonedwa pakati Zofunikira kapangidwe galasi latisi. Mu zitsulo, ndi zitsulo. Mu sanali zitsulo, zingakhale za mitundu iwiri: atomiki ndi maselo. Atomiki latisi zinthu amatipatsa kuuma ndi kuonjezera mfundo limatsogolera, ndi khalidwe la pakachitsulo, boron, germanium. latisi maselo adzalandira chlorine, sulfure, oxygen. Limawapatsa ndi osakhalitsa pang'ono ndi kuuma.

Kapangidwe mkati mwa zinthu kudziwa katundu lawo. Zitsulo ndi kudzawala khalidwe, wabwino panopa conduction ndi kutentha. Iwo olimba, pulasitiki, amenable kuti kulipira, ndi osiyanasiyana ka mitundu (wakuda, mithunzi ya imvi, nthawi zina chikasu mtundu).

Non-zitsulo - ndi madzi, gaseous kapena olimba zinthu, kukhala opanda luster ndi malleability. mitundu yawo zimasiyana kwambiri ndi chofiira, wakuda, imvi, wachikasu, ndi zina zotero. D. Pafupifupi onse nonmetals bwino conductive (kupatula mpweya) ndi kutentha (kupatula phosphorous ndi mpweya wakuda).

The katundu mankhwala nonmetals

Mu zochita mankhwala, si zitsulo akhoza kumathandiza ngati oxidizing ndi kuchepetsa wothandizira. Mwa kuchita ndi zitsulo, iwo atenga ma elekitironi, motero naonetsere katundu zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni.

Zimavuta ndi ena omwe si zitsulo, iwo zinthu zosiyana. Mu motero zochepa electronegative mchitidwe reductant kumaonekera monga mutuluka zambiri electronegative oxidant.

Ndi mpweya pafupifupi onse (kupatula fluorine) nonmetals zimapezeka kuchepetsa wothandizira. Ndi kulabadira ndi wa hydrogen ndi oxidants ambiri, kenako n'kupanga pawiri oyaka.

Part zinthu nonmetal amatha kupanga zinthu zingapo zosavuta kapena zosintha. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa allotropism. Mwachitsanzo, mpweya alipo mu mawonekedwe a graphite, diamondi, ndipo zosintha zina carbyne. Pali awiri mpweya - Mpweya umene ndi mpweya yokha. Phosphorus ndi wofiira, wakuda, woyera ndi zachitsulo.

Non-zitsulo chikhalidwe

Nambala osiyana omwe sanali zitsulo kulikonse. Ali mbali ya matanthwe a pansi padziko, ndi mbali ya m'mlengalenga, hydrosphere, alipo mu chilengedwe ndi mu zamoyo. Mu malo ambiri ali hydrogen ndi helium.

Koma n'zosiyana kwambiri mu Earth. The zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika za dziko lapansi kutumphuka - mpweya ndi pakachitsulo. Iwo amapanga oposa 75% ya misa. Koma zochepa nkhani ayodini ndi bromine.

Mu zikuchokera madzi nyanja mu mpweya zofunika 85,80% ndi wa hydrogen - 10,67%. akuphatikizapo mulinso chloro, sulfure, boron, bromine, mpweya, fluorine ndi pakachitsulo. The zikuchokera m'mlengalenga ukulu uli asafe (78%) ndi mpweya (21%).

Nonmetals, monga mpweya wa hydrogen, phosphorous, sulfure, mpweya ndi asafe ndi organic zinthu zofunika. Iwo amathandiza umoyo wa zamoyo zonse padziko lathuli, kuphatikizapo anthu.