Kodi oligarchy? kutanthauza

Oligarchy anakhala chidwi anzeru kwambiri wakale. Monga olemba woyamba amene Mfundo awo kufotokoza zodabwitsazi, zinthu Plato ndi Aristotle. Nanga ndi oligarchy kumvetsetsa akatswiri wakale Greek?

Oligarchy mu ziphunzitso za Plato

Mmodzi wa olemekezeka olemba wakale Greek, Plato imalimbikitsa. Zinali ntchito yake maziko kuphunzira ambiri nkhani zandale. yoyesa kukumana Mfundo monga "boma," "Apology ya Socrates", "Politia" ndi ena. Iye ikufotokoza mavuto mwamsanga nthawi wake, makamaka, sukhala funso Njira yabwino boma. Mu mawu ena, inayankha mafunso zimene oligarchy, demokalase, ndale, nkhanza, timocracy ndi ena.

Chotsani tanthauzo la mawu akuti "oligarchy" Plato satero, za mawonekedwe boma poyerekeza ndi ena, kusonyeza mbali zake khalidwe. Komabe, mawu akutanthauza dongosolo boma, ozikidwa pa chiyeneretso katundu. M'mawu ena, ali pa helm kwa anthu chuma ndi olemera, ena osauka alibe ngakhale ufulu kuvota.

Malinga ndi mfundo woganiza oligarchy izo ukukamba kuwundana umodzi wa mitundu olakwika boma. Izi dongosolo umoyo-chikhalidwe pang'onopang'ono likunyonyotsoka ku timocracy, embodying ndi makhalidwe koipa. Ukoma amathera mbali yofunika kwambiri mu ndale, monga anatenga chuma. dongosolo Oligarchic umakhala pa asilikali, osati ulemu ndi kulemekeza mwayekha lapansi. Koma ambiri amakhala osauka, ndi ulamuliro osankhika analibe ngakhale kuyesa kuchitapo kanthu vutoli. The oligarchy zimasonyezanso ndi kusokonekera ndi ubwino mokondera chikhalidwe kulili anthu.

Choncho, malinga ndi ziphunzitso za Plato, chilungamo boma oligarchy atakwatirana ndi mzake. Koma kupewa alibe wa timocracy mu mawonekedwe a dongosolo umoyo ndi zachuma a anthu n'zosatheka.

Oligarchy ziphunzitso Aristotle

Aristotle anali mwana Plato, choncho anapitiriza maphunziro ake a mphunzitsi wake m'njira zambiri. Makamaka, anayamba kuganizira m'mabuku ake sayansi kuti oligarchy izi. Wafilosofi ankakhulupirira kuti mtundu uwu wa boma, komanso demokalase ndi wankhanza, mitundu oipa a dongosolo ndale komanso.

Mu buku lake "Ndale" Aristotle anaika mawu akuti "oligarchy" akamanena za malamulo a nthawi, mwa kulankhula kwina, iye anali kunena mtundu limeneli mphamvu ya chuma. Iwo m'chigawo oligarchic adzapatsidwa mwapadera phindu anthu olamulira, anthu a m'gulu la olemera. Wafilosofi anakhulupirira m'dongosolo lopanda ungwiro, monga ananena kuti pali kuthekera "kugula" malo dzuwa, ndi mmenenso wa anthu si khola.

Concept R. Michels

Kodi oligarchy? chidwi linaperekedwa kwa nkhani ino panthawi zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo m'nthawi ya 20. Makamaka, chopereka chachikulu kuphunzira zodabwitsazi wapanga R. Michels, amene pa chiyambi cha XX atumwi, anati kwa lingaliro lake lomwe kenako dzina lake monga "chilamulo cha chitsulo wa oligarchy." Wafilosofi ankakhulupirira kuti aliyense chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe unit wa anthu pamapeto pake likunyonyotsoka mu oligarchy, ngakhale maziko anauika iwo - demokalase kapena autocratic.

Chifukwa chachikulu zikuchikazi - kufuna mtsogoleri wa anthu wopita boma ndi kuika patsogolo zofuna zawo poyera kuphatikizapo ndalama. Pa nthawi yomweyo khamu mwangwiro kukhulupirira mwayekha wake, mwakhungu kumvera malangizo ake onse, akuchita mu mawonekedwe a malamulo.

mitundu oligarchy

Pakali pano, asayansi andale amene amaphunzira zodabwitsazi, pali zinayi zosiyanasiyana oligarchy, omwe ali mikhalidwe yapadera ndi mbali:

1. Monooligarhiya. dongosolo ili chikhalidwe ikutuluka mayiko amenewo, pamene mphamvu zonse Chonse anaikira mu manja wolamulira monarchical. Zilibe kanthu, adzakhala Mulungu kapena boma. Koma chachikulu n'chakuti mfumu amalenga dongosolo masanjidwe, amene zochitika umalimbana kwenikweni kopindulitsa. Nthawi zina, kodi chotero zinthu zokhudza ndi wamphamvu kwambiri ndi udindo wapamwamba kuposa mfumu. Monga chitsanzo feudalism.
2. Demoligarhiya. Monga dzina lake likunenera, pali osakaniza demokalase ndi oligarchy, omwe amasonyeza kuti anthu ali ndi ulamuliro, Zosintha mphamvu zonse yaing'ono oligarchic gulu kudzera chisankho kapena referendum.
3. Transit oligarchy. Mtundu wa chipangizo ndi anthu Transitional. Kumachitika pamene mfumu watwya mphamvu zonse, ndi anthu unali usanakhale mwayekha. Zinali nthawi imeneyi wosakhazikika kutsogolera ntchito kuyesera kuimba oligarchy, amene akuyesera kuti agwirire ndi mphamvu mwa njira iliyonse.
4. Kunakhumudwitsa oligarchy. Pankhaniyi, anthu olemera kugwirabe mphamvu, musayese kulungamitsa malo ulamuliro. M'malomwake, amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu oletsedwa mmene pa anthu, monga chiwawa ndi mabodza.

Boyar oligarchy - mpweya wanga wotsiriza

Akatswiri ena, kuwonjezera tatchulawa 4 yonse ya oligarchy, ndi akutali ndi mtundu wachisanu - Boyarsky. fomu iyi chipangizo ali chibadidwe Novgorod ndi Pskov pakati XII XV zakubadwa. Pa nthawi iyi, kufooka pang'ono Mphamvu mu manja wolamulira monarchical, magulu oligarchic mu mawonekedwe a boyars otchuka anayesera lingasinthe ulamuliro.

M'mawu ena, iwo ankafuna remake maziko a State, chopatsa mbali yaikulu ya oligarchy lapansi.

Chiyembekezo cha oligarchy mu dziko lamakono

Pakali pano, ndi oligarchy ndi limodzi mwa nkhani yofunika kwambiri kwa zokambirana ku dera la Soviet Union. Tikaona vuto wa zaka 15-20 otsiriza, Ndizachidziwikire kuti ulamuliro wa oligarchs yekha ikupita patsogolo ake, makamaka, ndi la Russia.

Boma amanga mfundo zake m'njira monga kutseka nkhani ya predominance wa oligarchs m'boma. Koma ngakhale kuti anayesera zonse kupeza njira yothetsera vuto ili simudalandira kutali. Choncho, chiyembekezo kwa oligarchy mu Russia ndi pa dziko lonse lapansi lero, ndithu chisoni zimenezi zikhoza destabilization ya mavuto azandale m'mayiko amene anabwera kwa njira demokalase chitukuko.