Ntchito Political ndi zithunzi andale

Masiku ano, mawu akuti "ntchito zandale" si Ufumuyo malamulo Russian, ndi wokhutira si atumwi ndi nkhani ya mtsutso wa sayansi.

Kutanthauzira yotchuka kwambiri ya malingaliro a "ndale" ndi "zandale" kusonyeza yeniyeni zinthu zokhudza zenizeni za Chikhalidwe mu kadanga kena ka nthawi. Choncho, Aristotle - chi Greek polis - chimatanthauza mfundo sayansi ya boma kapena luso la kasamalidwe. Tsopano tanthauzo zingaoneke ambiri kwambiri ndipo imprecise, koma ndi loyenereradi pofotokoza akuluakulu onse pa Greek ndi "chilumba za demokalase".

Kuyambira nthawi ya Agiriki akale ndi lingaliro la "ndondomeko" sanasinthe, koma zili mu gulu ili chawonjezeka kwambiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa zifukwa zingapo, mfumu pakati ndiwo mfundo zotsatirazi:

• Kudalirana ndi mfundo kuyambitsa mapangidwe munda ndale, khalidwe wachibadidwe latsopano ndi sikelo.
• Kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha nkhani - pofunsira kwa munda wa gwero waukulu ndale - mphamvu.
• Development wa ganizo sayansi, chitukuko mfundo zatsopano kumvetsa dziko, kupereka kutanthauzira awo.

Yachokera pa kusanthula mfundo zimenezi ndi ntchito za theorists anazindikira akhoza zopanga quintessential tanthauzo la "zandale": ndi ntchito chikhalidwe mabungwe andale - mayanjano zosiyanasiyana, makalasi, mafuko, mitundu - za chitetezo amakonda gulu, mawu oyamba kapena posungira phindu, anthu chitsitsimutso cha aliyense makhalidwe.

Mkati tanthauzo la tanthauzo la zolinga zandale za chithunzi liyenera kusonyeza mfundo za kuchepekedwa kwa magulu chikhalidwe amene zokonda chimateteza. Ndipamene ndi kuteteza zofuna losonkhanitsidwa ndi mfundo amakhala maziko mapangidwe ndale.

Yokhala ntchito ya zipani umalimbana kuthetsa zovuta zofunika zokhudza gulu linalake chikhalidwe Choncho, Kuvota chipani cha mu masankho, nzika za amafuna kuteteza zofuna zake. ntchito za chipani akhoza kukumana zoyembezereka za nzika ngati mphamvu za ndale zidzagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi mamembala onse yekha kuti akwaniritse zofuna za chidwi anthu.

Koma mavoti oponya mavoti kwa ukwati, anafotokoza mu pulogalamu wake chisanadze chisankho cha mavuto mwamsanga ndi njira zawo. Koma mphamvu zenizeni opangidwa andale amene, kuwonjezera pa chidwi anthu kuti zolinga zake, ndipo n'zomveka kuti chikhalidwe chawo anthu. Ndipo andale ntchito ya munthu amadalira zofuna zake zotengera malingaliridwe ndi zosowa.

Kusankha kuti likukhalira kuti munthu amene anayamba kulamulira, tinganene kuti zophiphiritsa ndi: kubzala munda wa tirigu ndi kuyembekezera kumera kwa minda yonse gulu, kapena kugula chakudya, mpaka kumapeto a moyo zokwanira banja lake. Kubereka mavuto yamabingu zachuma amasankha za "mlimi" kusowa mwina zotsatira malamulo mu pulogalamu kusankha amalenga watonthoza mtima.