Mfundo Le Chatelier akuti: yojambula sayansi m'ma 18

Mfundo za kukhalapo kwa mfundo Le Chatelier, ambiri kudziwa kusukulu. Koma ochepa amvetse ndikuyamba kufotokoza zimene kwenikweni mfundo odziwika.

French wasayansi anauza dziko za mgwirizano zazikulu za chilamulo mu 1884. Pakuti chimaliziro cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, anapeza ndi lofunika kwambiri ndipo pomwepo chidwi kwa asayansi. Koma chifukwa chosowa mgwirizano padziko lonse sayansi ndi theka zaka zapitazo, yojambula sayansi Le Chatelier ankadziwa m'dziko lake okha. Mu 1887, ndi kusamuka kwa mankhwala mgwirizano mu kunja kusintha zinthu, anati German wasayansi Karl Ferdinand Braun, paokha anapeza lamulo lomweli sayansi, pansi-briefed pa French Open. Osati mwangozi ndi mfundo imeneyi nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mfundo ya Le Chatelier - Brown.

Nanga mfundo ya Le Chatelier?

kachitidwe mgwirizano ndi nthawi chofunafuna zinthu moyenera ake ndi kutsutsa mphamvu zakunja zinthu ndi zinthu. lamulo limeneli likukhudza kachitidwe kulikonse pa njira iliyonse: mankhwala, magetsi, makina, matenthedwe. La zinthu zofunika kwambiri zothandiza mfundo Le Chatelier ndiko kusintha zochita mankhwala.

Mphamvu ya kutentha pa mlingo zimene mwachindunji amadalira mtundu wa anachita ndi zotsatira matenthedwe. Ndi kukula kutentha anati mgwirizano kosangalatsa kwa zimene endothermic. Kutsitsa kutentha, motero, kumabweretsa anasintha wa mankhwala mgwirizano kwa anachita exothermic. Chifukwa cha ichi chikuoneka chakuti pa dongosolo jekeseni wa mgwirizano mphamvu kunja mu mkhalidwe zochepa amadalira zinthu zina. Kudalira njira endothermic ndi exothermic a boma la mgwirizano amalifotokoza van't Hoff:

V2 = V1 * Y (T2-T1) / 10

momwe V2 - ndi mlingo mankhwala anachita pa kutentha wosinthika, V1 - koyamba anachita mathamangidwe, Y - chizindikiro cha kusiyana kutentha.

Swedish wasayansi Arrhenius anachokera chilinganizo kwakukulu kwambiri kudalira pa mlingo anatani kutentha.

K = A • imelo (-E (RT)), kumene E - mphamvu kutsegula, R - chilengedwe mpweya zonse, T- kutentha mu dongosolo. The phindu ndi zonse.

Monga kuthamanga ukuwonjezeka anati mankhwala mgwirizano kosangalatsa mu malangizo kumene zinthu nyamulani zochepa voliyumu. Ngati buku la zipangizo poyambira buku wamkulu wa mankhwala anachita, ndi mgwirizano ndi ankatembenukira kwa zigawo poyambira. Choncho, ngati voliyumu kuposa buku la mankhwala anachita wa reactants, ndi mgwirizano ndi ankatembenukira kwa chifukwa mankhwala. Amaganiza kuti aliyense Mole mpweya akuchita buku chomwecho pansi zinthu zachilendo. Koma kusintha kuthamanga mu dongosolo sikuti bwanji moyenera mankhwala. Mfundo Le Chatelier likusonyeza kuti Kuwonjezera angachitire ndi mpweya inert amasintha zoipazi, koma kachitidwe ndi mu mgwirizano. Mu linachepa kwambiri yekha kuthamanga kuti amagwirizana ndi reactants ndi (helium alibe ma elekitironi free, zilibe anatani ndi zinthu mu dongosolo).

Kuwonjezera zimene kuchuluka kwa zinthu kumabweretsa anasintha wa mgwirizano mbali ya ndondomeko kumene mankhwala kumakhala kosavuta.

Mgwirizano ndi mphamvu. Iwo "wosweka" ndi "limagwirizana" mwachibadwa mu njira zotani. Fotokozani zinthu izi kudzera chitsanzo. Hydrogenation bromine njira anapanga asidi hydrobromic. Apo pakubwera nthawi imene chomaliza mankhwala aumbike kwambiri, buku wake kuposa chiwerengero cha monomolecule hydrogen ndi bromine, kubweza mlingo anachita. Ngati anawonjezera kuti dongosolo ndi wa hydrogen kapena bromo, zimene zimapita mu zosiyana.