Fridrih Rattsel ndi malingaliro ake chachikulu

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19, Fridrih Rattsel chogwidwa powonekera lawolawo ku Germany. Choyamba, iye anali nawo sayansi zachilengedwe, ndi sayansi ya Earth wakhala kugwirizana pakati pa iwo ndi kafukufuku wa munthu. Iye analandira digiri ake zinyama, nthaka ndi poyerekeza ndi mmene thupi, ndipo anakhala tate anthropogeography.

Rattsel Fridrih: yonena

Anabadwa mu 1844, Ratzel anaphunzitsidwa mayunivesite angapo German. Mu 1872 anapita ku Italy, ndi United States ndi Mexico mu 1874-75, motero. Ndayenda Eastern Europe ndi ntchito pa yunivesite ya Munich ndi Leipzig. Pa chi wa Darwin ankatsatira kwambiri kuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha. Ratzel kutsatira mfundo izi kuti anthu. Pamaso pake, maziko a madera mwadongosolo anaika Alexander Von Humboldt, ndi dera - Carl Ritter. Paschel ndi Richthofen Powafotokozera mfundo kwa dongosolo la kuphunzira mbali ya dzikoli.

Fridrih Rattsel poyamba anayerekezera makhalidwe a mafuko osiyanasiyana ndi anthu, motero kunali chiyambi cha kafukufuku mwadongosolo m'munda wa madera umoyo ndi zachuma. Iye anali ndi chidwi ku mafuko, mitundu ndi mafuko, ndi pambuyo zofufuza munda anayambitsa mawu akuti "anthropogeography" ananena kuti ndi malangizo yaikulu ya kuphunzira Earth. Ratzel anali ndi madera Ritter a, nagawira mu anthropological ndale.

Kudziwika anapeza wake chiphunzitso organic ya boma (kapena moyo danga lebensraum), limene anakuyerekeza zamoyo wa zamoyo.

patriot Germany

Ratzel, katswiri wina wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana kafukufuku, anali olimbikira patriot. Pa chiyambi cha Franco-Prussian Nkhondo ya 1870, iye chibatizidwireni asilikali Prussian ndipo kumenyanako anavulazidwa kawiri. Pambuyo German yogwirizanitsa 1871, anadzipereka kuphunzira moyo wa Germany dziko lina. Kuti tichite zimenezi, anapita Hungary ndi Transylvania. Iye anapita pa ntchito, ndipo mu 1872, atawoloka Alps, anapita ku Italy.

Jobs mu America

Mu zaka za 1874-75 Fridrih Rattsel kupita ku United States ndi Mexico, chotero kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kwao. Mu US, anaphunzira zachuma, zinthu zokhudza ndipo malo a anthu m'dzikoli komanso mafuko, makamaka moyo amwenye. Komanso anafotokoza awo akuda ndi Chinese tikukhala mu chigawo chapakati cha United States, ndi Pakati Chakumadzulo ndi California. Pokhazikika wake, iye anayesa zopanga ena mfundo ambiri zokhudza regularities Hrs chifukwa cha kukhudzana pakati pa azitengapo kuwonjezera ndi kuthawa magulu a anthu.

Fridrih Rattsel: anthropogeography

Mu 1875, atamaliza maphunziro mu US ndi Mexico, anabwerera Germany, ndipo mu 1876 anaikidwa pulofesa pa yunivesite ya Leipzig. Mu 1878 ndi 1880 mabuku awiri pa North America, zokhudzana ndi madera thupi chikhalidwe.

bukhu, ndi limene katswiri German zinadziwika mu dziko, inatenga zaka 1872 ndi 1899. Fridrih Rattsel malingaliro zofunika adayandikira ku kusanthula chikoka cha makhalidwe osiyanasiyana thupi la mtunda ndi moyo wa anthu. Gawo loyamba la "anthropogeography" ndi kuphunzira kwa ubale ndi dziko lapansi, ndipo chachiwiri - kuphunzira imakhudzira chilengedwe. ntchito Ratzel maziko ake anali pa lingaliro kuti zochita za anthu anatsimikiza ndi zachilengedwe thupi. Mu pepala ili wolemba amasanthula madera anthu mu mawu a anthu ndi mafuko. Malinga ndi iye, anthu sangathe kukhalabe zizikhala mlengalenga. Pambuyo pake kumatha ena Determinism chiphunzitso ake, nanena kuti anthu okhudzidwa mu masewera a chilengedwe, ndi chilengedwe ndi mnzake, satumikira zochita za anthu.

Ratzel Darwin ntchito mfundo anthu. Kufanizira Izi zikusonyeza kuti magulu a anthu kuvutika kupulumuka mu mapangidwe zina monga nyama ndi zomera. njira Ichi chikudziwika ngati "Darwin anthu." Ratzel anali nzeru yaikulu ya "kupulumuka kwa Zamphamvu" m'malo thupi.

mabodza nkhondo

Mu 1890 iye mwakhama kulimbikitsa kulanda madera German kunja kumanga bulu wake angathe otsutsana ndi Britain. maganizo ake anafotokoza tanthauzo okhudza malo ya kulimbana Darwin kuti Mulungu alipo. Malinga ndi "malamulo" wa kukula Kupititsa bwino, boma ayenera kukodzedwa, ndi "mitundu apamwamba a chitukuko ayenera kukodzedwa likuvutika m'munsi." Malamulo amenewa amati zachilengedwe, anapatsidwa kugwirizana posachedwapa Germany, yapakati-State kupikisana ku Ulaya (General Schlieffen anali kale chikonzero kugonjetsa France) ndi kuwuka kwa maufumu (Africa linagawanika pa Conference Berlin mu zaka 1884-85). Zikuwoneka Ratzel anayankha zonena za m'zigawozo dziko. Pambuyo pa imfa yake ndi First World nkhondo German geopolitics nakhalanso malingaliro anthropogeography kukwaniritsa zokhumba zawo ndi, monga Motero, ntchito zake zinaletsedwa asayansi British ndi American.

Ufulu danga moyo

Mu 1897, Fridrih Rattsel analemba "madera ndale", limene poyerekeza boma ndi thupi. Asayansi amanena kuti ndi, monga ena zamoyo yosavuta ayenera kapena kukula kapena kufa, ndipo sangakhoze konse kuima. Fridriha Rattselya chiphunzitso cha "danga wamoyo" chabutsa kutsutsana za mitundu aakulu komanso otsika, ankanena kuti mitundu kwambiri kuyambira ali ndi ufulu kukulitsa gawo lake ( "moyo danga") likuvutika anansi zochepa otukuka. Powafotokozera maganizo ake, kuti kutambasuka kwa boma la malire ake pa ndalama za ofooka ndi chinyezimiro cha mphamvu yake mumtima. The apamwamba mtundu akulamulira anthu m'mbuyo, kuchita kufunika achilengedwe. Choncho, Fridrih Rattsel, amene geopolitics chinayambira ku Germany mu mmasate ndi, zachititsa kuti mliri wa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.

Magawo chitukuko cha anthu ndi

Kukambirana mphamvu ya chilengedwe thupi la umunthu, German anthropogeography ankanena kuti anthu ali patsogolo pang'onopang'ono. Zinthu zimenezi ndi:

• kusaka ndi nsomba;
• kulimira chikhalidwe;
• tillage;
• wosanganiza ulimi zimene ulimi ndi nyama husbandry ndi wosakaniza;
• unmixed nyama husbandry;
• mbewu.

Koma iye anati Sikuti magulu onse kudutsa magawo womwewo wa zachuma.

Kugwirizana kwa Anthu Osiyana

Masiku amenewo, pakhala kuwonjezeka kwambiri mu chidziwitso ndi zambiri; deta anafika lalikulu zedi ku ngodya osiyanasiyana a dziko lapansi. Dera amakhala mwini chilengedwe thupi njira zosiyanasiyana masitaelo kupanga ndi moyo. Ratzel anayesa kuti amange "achikhazikitso umodzi yosiyanasiyana".

A wasayansi German waona kubadwa kwa zokambirana za dichotomy pakati madera thupi ndi umoyo ndi zachuma. Akatswiri monga Dzhordzh Dzherald ankakhulupirira kuti sayansi chikuchita ndi kuphunzira kwa dziko lonse popanda kutchula munthu. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti malamulo enieni akhoza kuyika ngati munthu amachotsedwa chifukwa khalidwe lake ndi sizimadziwika kwambiri. Ratzel waika patsogolo mfundo kwakukulu maganizo, kulengeza madera thupi la kudera la sayansi, mu umene munthu chinthu chofunika. Iye anayika patsogolo mfundo za umodzi yosiyanasiyana, kuti zosiyanasiyana zinthu zachilengedwe munthu yemwe nthawi zonse kupsa, kotero kuti limvetse mokwanila envelopu Hrs a Dziko Lapansi m'pofunika kuti lithe zosiyanasiyana zochitika zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe.

Kufotokoza, tikhoza kunena kuti ntchito ya Ratzel anali kuberekana, makamaka poganizira kuchuluka iwo kupanga mtsutso laluntha pa mbali zonse za Atlantic. Ankaziona wasayansi polalikira ndi kafukufuku luso yakulamulira kwa zaka zambiri.