The mitundu ikuluikulu mfundo zachuma

mfundo ndalama ya miyeso yeniyeni, maonekedwe ndi njira ya chikoka pa zotsatira za ntchito ndi njira kufalitsa ndalama. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mfundo zachuma, koma iwo zizigwirizana mfundo zikuluzikulu:

• ndi kudalira chuma chikuyendera onse;
• kuthandiza zigawo anthu onse;
• ndi zikuluzikulu udindo ankaimba ndi zolinga njira ndi njira ayenera kukhala adagwirizana;
• kugonjera malamulo a malamulo atsopano a dziko.

Pa mlingo zazikulu za citukuko, mfundo zachuma - chida chimene ziziyenda mlingo kukula kwa chuma, kukhala mgwirizano wa mayiko. Inde, chifukwa cha Kugawilidwa kwanthaka zomveka za chuma ogwira akhala malo, zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso zinthu ziliri pa gulu, makamaka chitukuko cha kugona ndi abwenzi akunja.

Zotsatirazi mitundu mfundo zachuma:

1. Zachikhalidwe.
2. Neoclassical.
3. M'malango.
4. Planning ndi malangizo.

mfundo zachikhalidwe zachokera chiweruzo andale, monga Adam Smith ndi David Ricardo. Zimatengera kuchotsedwa kwathunthu kwa boma la chuma msika, ndiye boma sikusokoneza mu zochitika za amalonda, motero kukwaniritsa ufulu msika. Kumene, pa nkhani imeneyi, kwambiri kuchepetsa mphamvu ya boma ndipo chiwerengero cha ndalama gawo. A ndalama kudzadza likuvutika dongosolo msonkho, ndipo ndalama zonse.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malamulo ndalama yapangidwa kanjedza kwambiri chuma. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi zolimbana malamulo a Keynes. Iye anati boma ayenera nawo misika ndipo zonse iwo ntchito zida zina ndalama. Kenako, mtundu wa mfundo zachuma wakhala bwanji ndi zinthu zokhudza chikhalidwe lamulo. Choncho, kusintha ndi mfundo za misonkho. Mwachitsanzo, lili ndi mlingo mwapang'onopang'ono pamene kuwerengetsa msonkho ndalama. A mbali yaikulu anatumizidwa ku dera kukongoza, ndi akukongoza boma, potero kukwaniritsa bwino za malipiro mgwirizano. Kuti, chifukwa kuchepekedwa bajeti chidafundidwa ndi ngongole. Dziwani mfundo ina yofunika zokhudzana ndi ndondomeko zolimbana m'munda wa kasamalidwe ndalama: limodzi supervisory thupi wagawanika mu mayunitsi angapo palokha.

Neoclassical mfundo limalola alowererepo pagulu ndipo ngakhale amazindikira kuti agwirizane, koma amakhazikitsa malire. Iwo anali amaganiza kuti chuma ndi gawo chikhalidwe ayenera anayamba paokha. Zochita izo ali sizinayende ku lamulo la malo awa kunandithandiza kuyambira boma anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zida zina ndalama, kuwonjezera pa anthu alipo, kuphatikizapo kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndalama posinthana ndi kusintha mtengo pa sheya ndi mankhwala mokakamiza choyamba. Izi zachitika kuti tisaletse katundu msonkho, makamaka pa nzika amapeza ndalama zochepa.

M'mayiko ndi chuma utsogoleri-lamulo panayikidwa kukonza-malangizo mtundu wa ndondomeko. Ankaganiza lamulo zonse ndi ulamuliro ndi boma pa muzochitika zones za moyo wa anthu. njira iliyonse ya ulimi inali ndi boma. Choncho, maboma asankha kuganizira zinthu zonse ndalama akanagwiritsa ntchito. ndalama A ikuchitika malinga ndi ziwerengero osasinthika omwe zochokera dongosolo akukhudzidwira njira. Kutsogolera gawo chuma anali kwathunthu m'manja mwa Utumiki wa Finance, Mzimuyo zosowa za anthu ndi kuonetsetsa ndalama kwa ndalama chikhalidwe. Okhawo imafika ku mbali zonse ubale msika, kuphatikizapo mitengo ndi dongosolo ngongole.

Mukhoza kusankha mitundu ya mfundo zachuma, monga bajeti, miyambo msonkho, ndalama, ngongole, ndalama, mitengo ndi zina. Aliyense mtundu amaloŵamo ena kusintha malingana ndi kusankha mtundu makamaka. Mogwirizana ndi pamwamba, tinganene kuti pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mfundo zachuma, ndipo aliyense wa iwo imalongosola mphamvu ya boma. Koma cholinga chawo chachikulu ndicho ziziyenda mmene chuma chikuyendera m'dzikolo ndi kutukula moyo wa nzika.