Kodi lichen ndi chiyani? Lembani mwachilengedwe. Mitundu ya lichens

Pambuyo powerenga nkhaniyi, mudzapeza zomwe zimakhala zowonongeka, ndi mitundu iti ya zomera zomwe zimakumanako, komanso za zomwe amachita mu chilengedwe ndi ntchito zachuma za anthu. Tidzakambirana za momwe amachitira chinyezi, afotokoze momwe zimayambira.

Kodi ma lichens amakula kuti?

Mankhwalawa amasinthidwa kuti akhale ndi moyo ngakhale panthawi yovuta kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amakhala pomwe pali zamoyo zina zomwe sizikhalapo. Amapita kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kuposa zomera zina. Ku Himalaya, iwo anapezeka pamtunda wa mamita 5600.

Zikondwerero, zitsanzo zomwe ziri zambiri, zingathe kukhalapo pafupifupi kulikonse, kaya ndi thanthwe lopsa ndi dzuwa, chipululu chopanda madzi, nsana ya beetle, kapena fupa loyera la nyama yakugwa. Mitundu ina (Verrucaria serpuloides) imakhala moyo wonse m'madzi ozizira a Antarctic, pamene lina (Lecanora esculenta) imatengedwa ndi mphepo. Ndipo ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri lichens ndi ofunika kwambiri kuwonongeka kulikonse kwa mafakitale, mitundu monga Lecanora conizaeoides, imapindula kwambiri m'malo oipitsidwa.

Mitundu ya lichens

Malingana ndi zizindikiro za kukula, mitundu yonse yodziwika ya zomera (ndi 15,000) imagawidwa m'magulu atatu. Mwachidule, timasonyeza aliyense wa iwo.

Mitengoyi imakula bwino m'madera omwe amagwa mvula yambiri. Monga momwe mukuganizira kale, iwo amatchulidwa chifukwa chakuti iwo amafanana ndi masamba omwe amawoneka. Chimodzi mwa mitundu yawo chikuwonetsedwa mu chithunzi pansipa.

Gulu lotsatira likukula (cortical). Iwo akulimbana ndi chilala ndipo kotero akugonjetsa mu zipululu. Zing'onoting'ono zimakhala zogwirizana kwambiri ndi gawo limene amamera. Mwachitsanzo, Caloplaca heppiana, kawirikawiri, amapezeka pamakoma ndi m'matanthwe. Izi ndi mitundu yofanana ya zomera zomwe timachita chidwi nazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga zizindikiro za zaka za substrate. Amtundu wa gululi amakhala amitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo bowa amawombera.

Ndipo potsiriza, zitha zimatha kutenga chinyontho kunja kwa mlengalenga ndipo zimapezeka makamaka kumadera ozizira. Kukula ndi maonekedwe a zomera zomwe timachita chidwi ndi ife ndizosiyana kwambiri. Zina mwa izo zimapanga mawonekedwe a kutalika kwa 2.75 m ndi zina, pamene zina sizidutsa mutu wa pinini.

Kodi lichen ndi chiyani?

Zamoyo izi zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zomera za madera awiri osiyana: kuchokera ku algae ndi bowa. Tidzafotokozera mwatsatanetsatane za zomwe lichen ziri. Ndi mmodzi wa zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri zogwirizana. Mawu awa amasonyeza mgwirizano wogwirizana womwe ungakhazikitsidwe pakati pa zamoyo ziwiri zosagwirizana.

Chigawo cha algal ndicho chinthu chofunikira pa zomwe lichen limapangidwa. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zobiriwira kapena zobiriwira. Chigawo cha bowa - woimira marsupials, kapena Ascomycetes. Mosiyana ndi zosawerengeka, zomera zokhazo zomwe zimakhala ndi mitundu imodzi ya bowa ndi mtundu wina wa algae ndizo mazira. Zambiri mwa zomerazi (mitundu yoposa 50%) ndi Trebouxia, koma palinso ena.

Choncho, mazira amaphatikizapo zamoyo zopangidwa ndi bowa ndi algae zomwe zimagwirizanitsa phindu. Tiyeni tipereke chitsanzo chimodzi. Xanthoria parietina (chithunzi chili m'munsimu) amapezeka pamatombo pamphepete mwa nyanja, komanso pamakoma ndi nyumba za nyumba. Mitundu yake ya mavitamini ooneka ngati lalanje (apothecia) imakhala yosadziwika bwino kuchokera ku chipatso cha chipatso cha fungus.

Pa mdulidwe wa lichen, munthu amatha kuwona fungal hyphae wambiri. Amaphatikizapo maselo amodzi a green algae. Kwenikweni lichen ndi thupi limene thupi lake limapangidwa ndi bopha la hyphae losakanikirana, pansi pake pomwe pali gawo lina lopopera la hyphae, lofanana ndi lakumwamba.

Kukula kwa maluwa

Amakula pang'onopang'ono. Mitundu yochulukitsa kawirikawiri sichimawonjezeka kukula kwake kuposa 1 mm pa chaka. Mitundu ina ya lichens imakula mofulumira, koma samawonjezerapo kuposa 1 masentimita pachaka. Izi zikutsatila kuti mitundu yayikulu ya zomera izi ndi zaka zolemekezeka kwambiri; Khulupirirani kuti ena oimira mitundu ina ya Arctic ndi oposa zaka 4000.

Mothandizidwa ndi otchedwa lichenometry, i.e., miyeso ya lichens, ngakhale kudziwa zaka za pamwamba pa miyala. Njirayi inakhazikitsa zaka za glaciers, komanso megaliths yaikulu (miyala yaikulu). Otsatirawa anapezeka pa chilumba cha Easter ku Pacific Ocean.

Mibadwo yolimba ya zomera izi imasonyeza kuti ali ndi bungwe lapamwamba komanso kuti ubale pakati pa algae ndi bowa uli bwino. Koma chikhalidwe chenicheni cha maubwenzi amenewa sichinaonekere.

Metabolism

Mtundu wa Photosynthetic, monga zomera zina zobiriwira, umapereka chakudya kwa onse awiri, popeza bowa alibe chlorophyll. Zakudya zophweka, zopangidwa ndi algae, zimatulutsidwa ndi izo ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi bowa, kumene zimasandulika kukhala mavitamini ena. Kusinthanitsa kwa chakudya kotereku kumakhudzanso mgwirizano womwe unayambitsa kupanga lichens. Kutulutsidwa kwa zakudya kuchokera ku alga mpaka ku bowa kumapezeka mofulumira kwambiri: zatsimikiziridwa kuti nkhungu zimasintha kutembenuza shuga kuchokera kwa algae mkati mwa mphindi zitatu kuchokera pamene chiyambi cha photosynthesis.

Kusamalidwa kwa chinyezi

Lembani, kuyamwa chinyezi chambiri, mosiyana kwambiri ndi mawu. Kutalika kwawo kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Kupatukana kwa ziwalo zomwe zimasiya ndi kuyamwa chinyontho, zomerazi siziripo. Makungwawa amachita zonsezi. Anthuwa amakhalanso ndi zipangizo zomwe zimawateteza kuti asatengeke, zomwe zimapangidwa bwino, mwachitsanzo, mu zomera zazikulu. Zambiri mwa zamoyo zomwe zimatipatsa chidwi zimatulutsa mlengalenga, osati kuchokera mu nthaka. Amamwa nthunzi yamadzi. Mitundu ina yokha yomwe imagwirizanitsa ndi gawolo imatha kutenga gawo la chinyezi kuchokera mmenemo.

Kugwiritsira ntchito Lichens

Zilombo zamtundu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana: zimakhala chakudya cha nyama (mwachitsanzo, zimapanga magawo awiri pa atatu a mchere), zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbalame ngati zinyama, zimatha kukhala malo othawirako mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, monga nkhupakupa, nyongolotsi, agulugufe ndi nkhono. Amapindulanso munthuyo. Kuchokera ku lichens kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kuti mtundu wa nsalu, womwe unachokera masiketi a Scottish. Mwa izi, zachikasu, zofiirira, zofiira ndi zofiirira
Zithunzi. Mitundu yapakati imapezeka ndi kudetsa.

Icelandic moss (Cetraria islandica) yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zopitirira mazana awiri ngati mankhwala oletsa chifuwa. Amakhala m'matumbo ena, asidi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi munthu pofuna kuchiza mabala ndi chifuwa chachikulu.

Kafukufuku wamakono apeza antibiotics mwa iwo omwe ali othandiza polimbana ndi matenda monga chibayo ndi chiwopsezo chofiira. Komanso, zomerazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampani. Choncho, kuchokera ku Roccella wachitsamba sp. Mtsemisi wapadera umapangidwa - chizindikiro cha mankhwala chomwe chimasanduka chofiira mu mulingo wodetsedwa ndi buluu mu amchere.