Kaphatikizidwe mpweya - mafuta a m'tsogolo

Si mayiko onse ndi zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe. Ndipo ngati chosowa chake migodi ndi migodi ya daimondi mokhulupirika monga, pamaso pa madipoziti hydrocarbon zambiri funso la viability wa boma, makamaka panthawi ya nkhondo. zinachitikira wolemera kupanga ersatz (wogwirizira) anagula mu zoyambirira za m'ma makumi awiri Germany.

Kale mu 1915, German U-maboti kuika Britain mu malo ovuta kwambiri, kuteteza mwa kundipatsako "nkhondo magazi" pa chilumba. Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, Germany anali sayenerera alibe mavuto, makamaka pambuyo pa imfa ya Romania minda mafuta. Zinaoneka zambiri pang'ono, ndi capitulation amavutika. Akasinja, ndege, sitima ndi sitima zankhondo sadzatha kutenga nawo mbali mu ntchito nkhondowo, padzakhala kanthu kudzaza, koma nkhondo anapitiriza kwa miyezi yambiri yaitali. Malasha, amene anali ncho mu Ulamuliro wa Nazi ambiri anasonyeza abwino zopangira kwa kupanga chimasanduka kupanga, wamkulu amene anali kaphatikizidwe mpweya.

Mokongola ophunzitsidwa ndi luso asayansi German kale nkhondo chinkhoswe mu chitukuko cha nkhani imeneyi. Franz Fischer, mutu Institute Kaiser Wilhelm-, ngakhale mu 1926 chaka lofalitsidwa ntchito sayansi pa kaphatikizidwe mwachindunji chimasanduka pa kuthamanga mumlengalenga, osati kutsimikizira kuti zimenezi, koma atatsimikizira limapezeka sayansi. Kaphatikizidwe mpweya analandira chifukwa cha kuchepetsa wa hydrogen zimene NKHA pamaso pa catalyzing zinthu, monga osakaniza okusayidi nthaka ndi chitsulo kapena okusayidi chromium -cobalt anakafika pa kutentha 270 madigiri Celsius. Chotero ndondomeko amaloledwa kufunafuna gaseous, madzi ndi olimba homologues dziko.

The kanema Mbiri nkhondo zina kuwona mafuta galimoto kuti amayendera ... nkhuni. Inde, jenereta, galimoto chakudya osakaniza mpweya anali ndi yaying'ono, ndi kuyendetsa galimoto, zinali zokwanira kutenga nkhwangwa ndi kupita ku nkhalango yapafupi.

Pawiri wa carbon monoxide ndi wa hydrogen H2 mamolekyulu, i.e. mankhwala kaphatikizidwe mafuta akhoza ikuchitika osati malasha, komanso mpweya uliwonse munali feedstock. ndondomeko anandiyitana Fischer-Tropsch kaphatikizidwe, Mayina a woyamba wa. Pa nthawi buku anali njira zina kukonzekera mafuta organic ku malasha, kudutsa kaphatikizidwe mpweya. Mofanana Germany Bergius muli mafuta khala mu 1911, koma anali ovuta kwambiri kuti luso ndondomeko.

Ngati ntchitoyo kale, Izi zinali zotsatira za kuthetsa mavuto ndi otukuka ndi nkhondo dziko amene alibe kuti chimasanduka achilengedwe.

Mu zaka lonse itatha, ulimi wa kaphatikizidwe mpweya mongoyembekezera anataya kufunika kwake. Chidwi njira imeneyi inayambanso mu makumi asanu ndi awiri oyambirira zaka mazana makumi awiri, pamene panali otchedwa "mafuta mavuto", omwe anakhala chifukwa cha kuchuluka anagwirizana mu mtengo wa mafuta ndi mayiko OPEC.

Mosakayikira, chochitika yopangira chimasanduka ku zipangizo zopangira adzakhala ndi otchuka kwambiri monga zikutha m'mayiko zachilengedwe, makamaka mafuta ndi gasi, amene wofunika zopangira kwa makampani mankhwala lero akadali saganizira. Pamene Di Mendeleev kuyerekeza ntchito zawo monga magwero mphamvu ndi banknotes kuyaka.