Charles Sanders Peirce - woyambitsa wa pragmatism ndi semiotics: yonena ntchito yaikulu

Charles Sanders Peirce - American nzeru zapamwamba, logician, masamu, ndi wasayansi, chimene ena amatchedwa "tate wa pragmatism". Iye anaphunzira monga sayansi ndi ntchito monga wasayansi kwa zaka zoposa 30. Iwo timaliyamikira kwambiri chifukwa anathandiza kuti mfundo, masamu, nzeru ndi semiotics. Umakopa American wasayansi kuti waika patsogolo chakudya yaikulu ya nthanthi apano - pragmatism.

Kuzindikila

Charlz Pirs - ndi Albucasis mu masamu, ziwerengero nzeru, komanso njira kafukufuku wa sayansi zosiyanasiyana. Pierce kuziganizira yekha Choyamba logician. Iye anapanga chopereka chachikulu sayansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chinatseguka nzeru za njira kutulukira zinthu zatsopano ndi tanthauzo lake. Iye anawona mfundo monga nthambi mwamwambo chabe semiotics, woyambitsa wa chimene chinali. Komanso, Charlz Pirs kumatanthauza mfundo kulingalira abductive, komanso mosamalitsa anakonza masamu kupatsidwa ulemu ndi deductive kulingalira. Kale mu 1886 anaona kuti ntchito zomveka angathe kuchitidwa ndi madera magetsi kusinthitsa. Ndi lingaliro lofanana ankagwiritsa ntchito patapita zaka zambiri kwa kupanga kompyuta yadigito.

pragmatism ndi chiyani?

Pragmatism - ndi nzeru zaumunthu azimuth kuti idayamba United States mu 1870. Pragmatism ataona anaganiza monga kulosera chida ndi mavuto kuthetsa ndi zochita, ndipo akana amakhulupirira kuti anthu malingaliro ntchito kugwirizana ndi metaphysics zinthu monga umboni monga zenizeni kufanana ndi mmene apamwamba nzeru tsoka. Pragmatists amati choonadi chinthu chokha chimene amapereka othandiza zotsatira zothandiza. Pragmatism Charles Peirce limanena "ndi kusintha chilengedwe", pamene idealists, moyenera ndi Thomists (otsatira a ganizo Catholic) maganizo "wosasintha chilengedwe." Pragmatism - ndi nzeru, zomwe ziri zosiyana kwa zoyesayesa zonse kufotokoza metaphysics ndi wofunika choonadi njira ina kuti kuuzidwa zosakhalitsa pakati pa anthu a m'dera kuphunzira.

semiotics ndi chiyani?

Semiotics - kuphunzira tanthauzo la kusonyeza njira. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuphunzira zizindikiro za njira semiotic, malangizo awo amalembedwa kufanana, kufanizira, zophiphiritsa, mafanizo ndi ophiphiritsa. phunziro ikufotokoza za sayansi ya zizindikiro monga mbali ya kulankhulana. Mosiyana, zilankhulo, semiotics amadziwikanso akuyendayenda sanali zinenero machitidwe chizindikiro.

Semiotika Pulofesa Charles S. Peirce

The semiotics a Charles Peirce limatchula nambala mfundo kiyi (maganizo zizindikiro, matanthauzo ake ndi mabwenzi ophiphiritsa). Iye ankadziwa kuti malowa kafukufuku ayenera kukhala logwirizana sayansi - semiotics. Choncho, Pierce kupeza malingaliro yaikulu ya semiotics, kuti gulu ake:

• Zizindikiro zithunzi: zizindikiro likutipatsa, kutanthauza yofunika ndi chimodzi zamalankhulidwe unali woyenerera. Chitsanzo chimodzi cha chizindikiro "Chenjezo: ana" amene amanena za ana akuthamanga. Izi zimapangitsa chizindikiro msewu kuti ndichepe liwiro pa msewu ndipo akukhala pafupi masukulu, kindergartens, zigawo junior masewera (kapena ojambula zithunzi), ndi zina zotero. D.
• Zizindikiro zolozera: amatanthauzanso amatanthauza chinthu (kapena zochita) zogwirizana osachepera mtunda mu nthawi kapena malo. Chitsanzo chimodzi cha signage m'misewu, zomwe mfundo apaulendo za dzina, malangizo ndi mtunda kumudzi wina. Komanso, zizindikiro zithunzi, zomwe zikuonetsa Mwachitsanzo, kukoka tsinya - ankaona chizindikiro-index, chifukwa imafalikira ku dziko maganizo anthu (Pankhaniyi - mkwiyo).
• Zizindikiro-zizindikiro: zinaimira ndi signifier sanakwatire khalidwe pansi pa prism ya convection ena (izo zimabwera chisanadze misonkhano). Inu angathe kubweletsa chitsanzo cha chizindikiro msewu kuti ukusonyeza "pepala ndi" makona. Tanthauzo lake chizindikiro - ndi "kupereka njira" koma akuti yake ziribe kanthu kochita ndi kanthu yolimbikitsa, chifukwa chabe kukalowa makona. Mu prism yomweyo imagwera zizindikiro za boma, kumene fano chinthu chimene losafuna onse. zizindikiro mwina mawu onse a zinenero alipo, koma mndandanda wa kuchotserapo kupeza mawu onyenga (monga "croak", "muyawo", "Mwachitsanzo", "kulira" ndi zina zotero).

Charlz Pirs: yonena

Anabadwa pa September 10, 1839, a Cambridge (Massachusetts), mwana wa masamu wotchuka American ndi zakuthambo Benjamin Peirce. Charles anatsogolera mwayi moyo oyambirira: Makolo anakana kulangiza ndi kuphunzitsa ana awo chifukwa cha mantha kupondereza payekha awo. Komanso, maphunziro ndi ozindikira mpweya wa banja, amene nthawi zambiri ankabwera ndi olemekezeka kwambiri wauzimu ndi zofunika, Pierce sanalole kuti musankhe kuti njira za sayansi. Mwa alendo zambiri anali masamu kwambiri ndi asayansi, olemba ndakatulo, achilamulo ndi andale. Mu chilengedwe, achinyamata Charles Pierce anakhalabe chitonthozo ndi chidwi.

Pierce wachiwiri mwana asanu m'banja. Iye anali ndi abale anayi aluso amene amagwiritsidwa pang'ono zogwirizana miyoyo yawo ndi sayansi ndi udindo wapamwamba akuluakulu. Dzheyms Mills Peirce (mkulu m'bale) motsanzira bambo ake kuti University Harvard, kumene anaphunzitsidwa masamu mwakuya.

M'bale wina Herbert Henry Pierce, wakhala ntchito wolemekezeka mu utumiki nzeru ya Utumiki okhonda lapansi. The mng'ono Benjamin Mills Peirce, anaphunzira zomangamanga ndipo inayenda bwino, koma iye anafa ali aang'ono m'dera limeneli. Luntha abale, makamaka Charles makamaka kugwirizana ndi nzeru wautali kwambiri ndiponso zochita za bambo awo, komanso ndi akukhudzidwira moyo aluntha mipikisanoyo nthawi zonse.

Charlz Pirs: mabuku, mapepala sayansi

Kutchuka ndi mbiri ya Pierce makamaka zochokera nambala yake zokhudza sayansi m'magazini a American magazini sayansi. zolemba zake uku ndi uku mu "American Academy of Tirhana na Sciences", mu "Academy National wa Sciences" mu Journal of zongopeka Philosophy Popular Science Monthly. ntchito sayansi Charles Sanders Peirce mu masamu komanso nzeru anawagawa magawo awiri: lofalitsidwa pa moyo wake ndi imfa yake.

Books Pierce pa moyo wake

• buku lakuti "The maphunziro photometric" 1878. 181-tsamba monograph pa ntchito njira spectrographic ya zakuthambo.
• buku lakuti "Studies in Zomveka pa Johns Hopkins '1883. Collection ntchito sayansi ophunzira maphunziro ndi madokotala, kuphatikizapo yekha, Charles Pierce, m'munda wa maganizo.

Main posthumous buku

University Harvard analandira kwa mkazi Pierce chikalata angapo pambuyo pa imfa yake (1914). Mu ofesi yake chonena 1650 mipukutu unpublished mu okwana 100 000 masamba. Choyamba lofalitsidwa anthology nkhani Pierce ndi buku limodzi buku lotchedwa "Chance, Chikondi ndi Zomveka:. Munthu nthanthi nkhani" Ntchito chitidwe, lolembedwa ndi Morris Raphael Cohen mu 1923. Kenako anayamba kuoneka ndi anthologies zina ndi mabuku omwe anali mu 1940, 1957, 1958, 1972, 1994 ndi 2009.

Ambiri mwa mipukutu Pierce kale lofalitsidwa, koma pali zina kuti sitikudziwa kuwala mwa zolembedwa kuchepa.

• 1931-58: "A mndandanda wa nkhani ndi Charles Sanders Peirce" 8 mabuku. Nawa ntchito zake zonse mu nthawi kuchokera 1860 mpaka 1913. Komabe, yaikulu zipatso ntchito kuyambira mu 1893. Poyamba, nkhani sanali kusasintha mosiyana ndi kukula, kotero mkonzi chofunika m'manja mtundu zolondola. Kuyambira woyamba voliyumu chimodzi lolembedwa ndi Charles Hartshorne, ndi chiwiri ndi chitatu - Arturom Burkom.
• 1975-87: "Charles Sanders Peirce: chopereka kwa mtundu" - 4 mabuku. chopereka ali ndemanga zoposa 300 ndipo nkhani Pierce, amene pang'ono lofalitsidwa pa moyo wake mu nthawi kuchokera 1869 mpaka 1908. Collection zokhudza sayansi zasindikizidwa, lolembedwa ndi Kenneth Lane wanzeru ndi James Edvarda Kuka.
• 1976 - analipo kuti: "New Zochitika za Masamu a Charles S. Peirce" - 5 mabuku. Apa ndi ofalitsidwa ndi asonyeza ntchito Pierce mu masamu. Mkonzi - Kerolin Eyzele. Udindo wa polojekiti sakhala patali amakhala 'chitukuko. "
• 1977 - analipo kuti: "Makalata pakati Charles S. Peirce ndi Viktoriey Uelbi kuchokera 1903 mpaka 1912-TH."
• 1982 - analipo kuti: "Malemba a Charles S. Peirce - mumve Edition". The ntchito woyamba anali kufalitsa mu 2010, koma ntchito ulipobe. Choyamba lofalitsidwa 6 mabuku kuphimba moyo wa sayansi mu nthawi kuchokera 1859 mpaka 1889.
• 1985 - analipo kuti: "Mbiri ya sayansi malingaliro Pierce: mbiri ya sayansi" - 2 mabuku. Lolembedwa Kerolin Eyzele.
• 1992 - analipo kuti: "Nkhani pa mfundo za zinthu" - nkhani ya Professor Doko kwa chaka cha 1898 TH chaka. Younikanso: Kenneth Lane Kinner ndemanga Hilary Putnam.
• 1992-98: N'kofunika Peirce - 2 mabuku. Zitsanzo zofunika ntchito nzeru zaumunthu Charles Pierce. Lolembedwa Nathan Hauser (1 buku) ndi Mkhristu Clausel (2 voliyumu).
• 1997 - analipo kuti: "Pragmatism monga mfundo ndi njira maganizo olondola." Pierce Collection nkhani za pa Pragmatism pa University Harvard mu mawonekedwe a mabuku mwachidule maphunziro. Mkonzi: Patricia Ann Turis.
• 2010 - analipo kuti: "Kukonda Nzeru ya Masamu: Ntchito Anasankha." Yekha, poyamba konse lofalitsidwa, ntchito ya Pierce m'munda wa masamu. Younikanso: Metyu Mur.

Chopereka wasayansi kwakukulu mu sayansi

Charles S. Peirce anapanga Zimene anthu atulukira odabwitsa mu mfundo ofunda, achikhazikitso masamu. Komanso, katswiri American ali woyambitsa wa pragmatism ndi semiotics. Ambiri mwa ntchito ya sayansi anali wofunika kwambiri mpaka pambuyo pa imfa yake. Scientist anamwalira pa April 19 mu 1914.