Izhevsk njinga yamoto fakitale: katundu, photos, ojambula

Tsiku njinga yamoto kubadwa - 29 August. Pa tsiku ili mu 1885 ku German ndi luso injiniya, Gottlieb Daymer, ali anayesedwa chidali chifuniro chake olimbana petulo. Kapangidwe omwe anaika injini zinachitika ndi awiri mawiro ndipo anasamukira mofulumira. Apa anatulukira njinga yamoto.

Mu Russia, nthawi ya njinga zamoto anayamba ina. Izhevsk njinga yamoto fakitale chakhala mtsogoleri makampani ake. Lodziwika bwino zitsanzo za njinga zamoto ndipo tsopano angapezeke mu mzinda uliwonse ndi mudzi wa dziko. Large osiyanasiyana, luso kukonza limatanthauza "pa bondo" mu garaja aliyense, ntchito yapamwamba, mtengo wotsika - mafani njinga zamoto mtundu IZ mwina nostalgically atchule ubwino ndi kupeza zifukwa zatsopano kwa chitsitsimutso cha ulimi.

Chitsanzo choyamba

Kuyesa kulenga njinga yamoto mwambo Russia anayamba ngakhale pamaso zitasintha, mu zaka 1913-14. Iwo anakonza kusonkhanitsa kuwala ndi chitsanzo Swiss mbali pa maziko a "Dux" fakitale (Moscow). Iwo akufuna kuwononga First World nkhondo, ndipo pambuyo 1917. Ulendo wotsatira, bwino kwambiri chinapangidwa mu 1924. m'manja mwa Design Bureau PN Lviv. Akatswiri anatha kupanga ndi kutulutsa mu 1925 lachitsanzo opepuka njinga yamoto, wotchedwa kuti "Union".

Iwo anali mwapang'onopang'ono, pa nthawi kapangidwe ndi mwayi waukulu zitsulo kusamutsidwa 500 kiyubiki mamita ndi masika kuyimitsidwa pa gudumu kumbuyo. Kupanga sanali zotsatira, zinachitika wadutsa mayesero ena choncho uwu, chifukwa mbiri ya "Dux" chasinthidwa mbewu. Kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa ulimi wa moto wa zopangidwa zoweta anakwanitsa 1928. Maziko unsembe wa mphamvu anakhala Izhstalzavod. Ife anakamba njinga yamoto choyamba mu Office mwapadera zachinyengo njinga yamoto, Mkulu wa akatswiri okonza ndi mutu umene unali lodziwika bwino mlengi Peter Mozharov.

Yambani pamwamba zisanu

P. Mozharov anali kukonda zamoto ndi mbadwa Izhevsk anasamukira ku njinga zamoto swatch German. Mu kugonjera kwake Izhstalzavode msonkhano linatsegulidwa, ndipo pa chaka chimodzi iwo unalengedwa 5 mayesero njinga zamoto IL. Onse a iwo atayesedwa ndi kukonzekera kutha kwa tanthauzo lonse-Union. Woyamba Soviet njinga yamoto IL-1 anaona dziko pa September 17 m'chaka cha 1929, chimalemera makilogalamu 300. Chitsanzo makhalidwe a njinga zamoto woyamba wokondwa ndi:

• IL-1 ndi IL-2. Iwo unalengedwa pochitika m'misewu yovuta m'midzi. Mu zida - mu mzere injini ndi zonenepa awiri, zitsulo, mkulu kudalirika Buku kufala imathamanga mbali kuumbidwa analenga odnobrusnaya chimango akunja, kuphatikiza lalikulu linali kuwala ndipo ali ndi zaluso. IL-2 chitsanzo - ndi modernized IL-1. Koma mapeto a njinga yamoto woyamba anali mwayi wina, zofunika kwa dziko kumene zoyendera payekha anali mabvuto. Pa IL-1 akhoza kupita okwera anayi, awiri pa njinga yamoto ndi awiri stroller lapansi.
• IL-3. The mwayi waukulu chitsanzo chimenechi chinali "Anayendayenda" mtundu injini amene crankshaft ndi transversely. Drive zoyenda za kumbuyo gudumu (unyolo) anaikidwa mu mpanda womata wodzazidwa ndi mafuta.
• IL-4. Iwo anali okonzeka ndi injini awiri sitiroko ndi chizindikiro umodzi yamphamvu "mapulaniwo" kumbuyo mawilo nizitengedwa kutsinde. chitsanzo chimenechi chinali lightest pamwamba asanu.
• IL-5, kapena "zikuchokera." Kamangidwe ntchito njinga yamoto mayunitsi chizindikiro "Neander" inakulitsidwa ndi foloko kutsogolo, chimango zinachitika linasinthidwa.

Mayesero zikuyenda

Nkhani zinachitika pa njinga yamoto motocross Union mu 1929. mpikisano unachitikira kachiwiri mu mbiri yake. IL njinga zamoto kuthana njanji mu makilomita 3300, ndipo anakwanitsa ayendetse kuchokera Izhevsk kwa Moscow. Potsatira zotsatira za mpikisano, ndi IL-4 chitsanzo wakhala tikuyivomereza mu kuŵeta. Koma, "Izhstalzavod" chifukwa cha wakewo ndi analephera kuyamba kupanga siriyo. Mozharov pamodzi ndi gulu opanga anasamukira ku Leningrad, pamene anayamba ntchito yomanga kuwala njinga yamoto mtundu L-300.

Prewar siriyo yopanga

Mpaka mmasate wa kuŵeta njinga yamoto mu USSR sanali, koma funso la kampani tsamba ankaona. Pakuti njinga zamoto kupanga siriyo ankafunika osati msonkhano zomera ndi fakitale kumene chopangidwa onse mbali, zipangizo, kumene kuli luso ndodo ya kupirira mavuto paliponse. Anagwirizana mokomera Izhevsk, pamene mfuti fakitale Berezina, iye anakhala maziko a kampani latsopano inali. Izhevsk njinga yamoto fakitale koyambirira uja ZIMAKHALA mafakitale njinga yamoto.

Poyamba anakonza kumasula "NATI - A-750" (lolemera Baibulo). ntchito zake anatchulidwa V woboola pakati injini ndi zonenepa awiri, injini 747 cubes TDP anali 15 HP Woyamba zitsanzo zinayi za chitsanzo ichi anapangidwa kwa holide ya May Tsiku 1933. Mu kufanana ndi njinga yamoto chitsanzo katundu opangidwa zitsanzo zingapo za m'mapapo IL-7. Chifukwa, siriyo kupanga njinga yamoto analoledwa chitsanzo zosavuta, koma ndi kusintha kwakukulu kuti akufunika kumenya nkhondo kuti "kuchepetsa ntchito." Baibulo yomaliza ya chitsanzo cha IL-7 wotaya matabwa thunthu, ulamuliro fulumizitsa wakhala m'malo mwa khafu rotatable zasintha wosalira ndi ena.

Mu 1933, Izhevsk njinga yamoto fakitale opangidwa 111 magalimoto. Chiwerengero cha kumasulidwa anali atachuluka, pa nthawi yomweyo anali ndi ntchito ya kapangidwe amasinthira, kumene zitsanzo atsopano akupangidwa ndi modernized anthu wogwila. Mu 1938, iwo anayamba kupanga njinga yamoto IL-8 injini ndi mamita 300 kiyubiki. Mphamvu zida kuchuluka kwa 8 ndiyamphamvu.

Mu 1940, Izhevsk njinga yamoto kupanga mbewu anayamba kupanga za IL-9 chitsanzo. Kukhoza zikugwira ntchito za makina anali kale 9 ndiyamphamvu. Mu yomweyi, ntchito inayambika kugwiritsa ntchito IL-12 chitsanzo, limene chifukwa cha chitsanzo cha A-8, anayamba ndi Leningrad Design Bureau. Iwo ayambitse kuŵeta mu 1941, koma nkhondo inayambika.

Pambuyo nkhondo yojambula

Pa Nkhondo Izhevsk njinga yamoto fakitale wakhala lolunjika pa nkhani ya mfuti makina ndi manja yaing'ono. Chitsitsimutso cha njinga yamoto anayamba zimenezi pasanapite nthawi kuchokera chigonjetso mu 1946. Malinga ndi lamulo reparations ku Germany kwa Izhevsk zojambula ndi zida za mafakitale German, amene anapereka kutsogolera wamphamvu chitukuko. The ogwira analenga latsopano Maofesi, ndipo anayamba kukonzekera ulimi wa chitsanzo latsopano njinga yamoto IL-350, zochokera kapangidwe adayikapo German chitsanzo DKW 350.

The zinachitika malonda German anali ndinazolowera zofuna Soviet ndi mwayi wa co-chuma. Kusonkhana njinga yamoto IL wayamba pa fakitale ndi manja. Ndipo pa mfundo imeneyi pa Izhevsk njinga yamoto fakitale Soviet Union kuti anakhala mtsogoleri kupanga zamoto.

Zotchipa komanso khalidwe

Mpaka mapeto a 60s, kuti kuonjezera buku la kupanga yomwenso waukulu anaikidwa pa mapulani komanso kupanga zida masewera zitsanzo, anatsegulira Izhevsk njinga yamoto fakitale. Zamgululi, amene anatuluka kuchokera conveyor, anali mu ankafuna pa msika onse zoweta ndi kunja. Mu 1946, kampani akweza woyamba positi-nkhondo chitsanzo cha njinga yamoto. Modernized ndi chakale chitsanzo anataya parallelogram foloko, izo yokonzedwa m'malo telescopic. Engine mphamvu ziwonjezeke kwa 14 HP, izo lasintha kwambiri kuyimitsidwa. kamangidwe kake yatsopano inampatsa sitiroko ndi amortization pa anayambitsa.

M'nthawi ya makumi asanu ndi ife anapita ku kupanga zinayi zitsanzo latsopano njinga yamoto. Woyamba pa mndandanda anamasulidwa IL 49 njinga yamoto. chitsanzo anali okonzeka ndi injini umodzi yamphamvu ndi dongosolo wapawiri kuzirala ndi atawapempherera kuti ayeretsedwe, akweza kuyimitsidwa wa gudumu kumbuyo, ndi telescopic foloko. Liwiro Kufala anali maudindo atatu. njinga anali wangwiro kugonjetsa kuchokera msewu m'midzi. Anali kumasulidwa IL 50, 54 ndi 55. Mphamvu ya njinga zamoto anakonzeka 18-19 ndiyamphamvu.

Maluwa nthawi ya stagnation

Popeza 1966, tinayamba kutulutsa zitsanzo atsopano a njinga msewu pa Izhevsk Njinga Bzalani. Kuwonjezera zinthu zatsopano sayansi, mayina atsopano tsopano lodziwika bwino :. "IZH Planet" ndi "IZ Jupiter" Njinga yamoto "IZH Planet" linaperekedwa pamaziko a zanyengo wa IL 56. Kuti banja latsopano njinga yamoto thanki mafuta wakhala redesigned, kusinthidwa mpando kamangidwe, ndi kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke (kutsogolo, kumbuyo), ndi muffler.

"IL-Jupiter" ndipo analengedwa zochokera IL 56 njinga yamoto. Pakuti mndandanda latsopano lalembedwa ndi injini zatsopano ndi awiri yamphamvu, awiri sitiroko ndi lupanga kuwomba dongosolo mpweya kuzirala. osakaniza ntchito linakonzedwa mu carburetor a injini, ndakuyatsani ndi mphamvu ya magetsi mu yamphamvu ya. Komanso anapangidwa nambala ina yaikulu ya zaluso.

Kuyambira 1971 1975 anabwera kuchokera ogwira ntchito zitsanzo njinga zamoto conveyor msewu 'IZH Planeta-3 "," Jupiter IL-3 "," IZH Planeta Sport "," IZ Jupiter 3K. " Pa nthawi imeneyi, zipangizo kupanga wakhala pa mlingo okwezeka ndi mphamvu ya kumalo a ntchito kwambiri. Mu Maofesi ntchito pa zitsanzo latsopano, patsogolo chikhalidwe "izhey" zinachitika mofulumira, zimakhudza zinachitikira ndi mphamvu ya fakitale inayake yaikulu. Ena zitsanzo za njinga zamoto anali kupereka chizindikiro mkhalidwe wa kuposa zofunkha ndi onyada Izhevsk njinga yamoto fakitale. zida zosinthira pa zitsanzo zonse zida analipo kulikonse kudutsa dzikoli.

Njinga yamoto "IZH Jupiter" ali zitsanzo asanu ndi akanema osiyana makhalidwe, chiwerengero chachikulu cha zosintha muli ndi njinga yamoto "IZH Jupiter - 5", panali 22 mayina. "IZH Planeta" chitsanzo anayenera kusankha asanu, chitsanzo otchuka kwambiri chinali njinga yamoto "IZH Planeta Sport".

Mpaka 2000s ndi,

Ndi 80s oyambirira kampaniyo anali achita m'Mphamvu watsopano kwambiri makina kupanga malo. zotsatira pafupifupi mphamvu anali matani 450 zikwi. njinga zamoto chaka. Pa 1981-82. Chomera umabala njinga zamoto zitsanzo 'IZH Jupiter - 4 "ndi" IL Planet -4 ". Mu 1985, kupanga anayamba mu chitsanzo 'IZH Jupiter - 5 "ndipo mu 1987 anafalitsa njinga yamoto" IZH Planet - 5 ". Pakuti chitsanzo ichi anayamba kupanga redesign tione ndi injini mphamvu 22 L e. a. Pasanapite maonekedwe makono pa njinga zamoto onse opangidwa IL.

Mpaka 90s m'mawa Design Bureau cholinga latsopano njinga yamoto chitsanzo zochokera chitukuko anagona Japanese injini HT-550. Njira amatchedwa "Orion", "mpikisano", "wothamanga" zitsanzo zimaonetseratu patsogolo mbali luso, kamangidwe wotsogola nalonjezana chiyembekezo chachikulu pa kukhazikitsa ntchito.

Kuyambira 1992 mpaka 1996 pa Izhevsk njinga zamoto fakitale kupanga chitukuko wapadera - IZ katundu gawo 9,604 ndi mbali GH IL ngolo 9,204. zigawo zina analengedwa kuti kuikidwa pa chitsanzo chilichonse cha njinga yamoto "Jupiter" ndi "Planet". Kukhazikitsa katundu gawo chofunika kuchotsa kumbuyo mawilo a njinga yamoto ndi otetezeka chipinda chosungira Choncho analandira tricycle katundu kopita.

Kwa zaka zitatu (1995-1998 gg.) Mu fakitale anayamba injini latsopano ndi kudzikonda priming centrifugal mpope. Mu 1997 njinga anawapanga kwa mayendedwe a zida moto kumenyana IL 6,92001 ndi katundu chitsanzo IZ 6,920 GR. Pofika chaka cha 2000 kampani analengeza chitukuko cha njinga yamoto kapangidwe latsopano mu kalembedwe ndi wowaza (IZH 6.113-05), mutu ntchito - "Junker".

kusintha

Asanabwere ake, Izhevsk Njinga Kuwonjezera amasulidwe njinga zamoto nawo yopanga mankhwala ya usilikali, ndiponso mpaka 1988 ya mobisa anali atagona kumalo a ntchito. Kusaka mfuti akupangidwa ku Izhevsk njinga yamoto fakitale, kuyambira 1948, iwo anakhazikitsa kuŵeta pambuyo pa mapeto a nkhondo. Kukonzanso ndi kwambiri ndi mbiri ya ulimi, kampani anadzatchedwa mu 1992 mu olowa katundu kampani "Axion".

fakitale IZhmoto, chinkhoswe mu ulimi wa njinga zamoto zinatha mu 2008 ndipo mwalamulo mothballed kalekale. Posachedwapa, atolankhani anayamba kuoneka za buku la amalonda Chinese kutsitsimutsa chidwi Izhevsk njinga yamoto fakitale. Photo chitukuko, sanalandire kupanga m'ziwawa, chitsanzo mbiri ya magalimoto woyamba, ndipo masiku ano chimene chimachititsa chidwi chachikulu.

ndikuyembekeza

Lero, shopu, kumene kale chikalata njinga zamoto, wopanda kanthu. Malinga ndi anthu amene anatha kuona m'munsi ulimi wa kampani wakhala malo wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba, kumene kunali Izhevsk njinga yamoto fakitale. Anzanga muli: Udmurdskaya Republic, Izhevsk, up. Telegin Omanga 30.

Malinga ndi nduna zambiri, Ltd. Izhevsk njinga yamoto fakitale (Izhevsk) chinkhoswe kupanga njinga zamoto, mopeds, njinga dothi ndi strollers. Mu 2014 anapita buku la zotheka njinga zamoto mulo IL. ntchito ndi chidwi China, pakhala malangizo amene China ati aike Udmurtia kupanga mwini wa moto ndi kukambirana kuthekera yopangira njinga yamoto IL-7 zino, koma mmene zinthu masiku ano, silidziŵika.