Kodi kuona radiographic? Radiographic Kupenda welds. Radiographic Kupenda: GOST

Chifukwa cha ulamuliro cheza ndi luso mtima zinthu zina (isotopes) kuwola ndinso kupanga ionizing cheza. Mu ndondomeko ya fission nyukiliya ejected particles pulayimale, ndilo lotchedwa cheza kapena cheza ionizing. katundu cheza zimadalira mtundu wa particles pulayimale panamveka ndi phata la.

Corpuscular ionizing cheza

Alpha cheza limapezeka pambuyo kugwa mtima lolemera ya helium. particles panamveka zigwirizana wa peyala ya mapulotoni neutrons awiri. Iwo ali gulu lalikulu ndi otsika liwiro. Izi chifukwa cha makhalidwe awo waukulu zimasiyanitsa: malowedwe ang'ono ndi mphamvu wamphamvu.

Nyutironi cheza tichipeza nyutironi kamwazi. particles izi alibe magetsi awo mlandu. Only pamene neutrons kucheza ndi mtima wa irradiated zinthu mlandu ayoni anapanga, kotero pansi nyutironi cheza kwaiye sekondale anachititsa mpweya wa poizoni mu chinthu irradiated.

cheza beta zimachokera kwa zochita mwa phata selo. Izi kusintha kwa purotoni ndi mu nyutironi kapena mosinthanitsa. Pankhaniyi, ma elekitironi ali panamveka kapena antiparticle - positrons. particles izi misa ang'ono ndi kwambiri liwilo. luso lawo ionize nkhani yaing'ono, poyerekeza ndi particles Alefa.

Ionizing cheza ndi chikhalidwe kwadzidzidzi

cheza Popanga madzi a gamma limodzi ndi njira pamwamba zimatulutsa Alpha ndi beta particles kwa oipa a maatomu isotope. Watulutsa fotoni kamwazi, chomwe ndi cheza mu atomu. Ngati kuwala, Popanga madzi a gamma cheza ali yoweyula chikhalidwe. Popanga madzi a gamma tinthu kuyenda pa liwiro la kuwala, motero, mkulu ozama mphamvu.

X-ray alinso maziko ake mu mafunde atomu, choncho ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi cheza Popanga madzi a gamma. Amatchedwanso bremsstrahlung. The ozama luso zimadalira kachulukidwe zakuthupi irradiated. Ngati cheza cha kuwala masamba filimu pa mawanga negative. Mbali imeneyi ya X-ray chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za makampani ndi mankhwala.

Radiographic NDT njira zimagwiritsa ntchito gamma- ndi X-dzuwa, zomwe ndi mu atomu yoweyula chilengedwe, ndipo neutrons. Pakuti kupanga cheza ntchito zida wapadera ndi zipangizo.

makina X-ray

X-ray analandira ntchito machubu X-ray. galasi ili kapena soldered yamphamvu zitsulo-ceramic, kumene mpweya wotopa kuti imathandizira kayendedwe ka ma elekitironi. Pa mbali zonse za maelekitirodi zogwiritsidwa thereto milandu zosiyana.

The cathode - mwauzimu wa tungsten filament, amene zochita mtengo wochepa thupi la ma elekitironi kuti anode lapansi. Yotsirizira Nthawi zambiri mkuwa, liri ndi odulidwa oblique pa makona a madigiri 40 70. Pakati lili ndi mbale zopangidwa tungsten, otchedwa cholinga anode. The cathode umaperekedwa ndi alternating pafupipafupi panopa 50 Hz kulenga kusiyana angathe mizati. The otaya ma elekitironi mu mtengo ndi kugwa mwachindunji pa mbale tungsten anode kumene particles kwambiri wosakwiya zoyenda ndi oscillations mu atomu zimachitika. Choncho cheza roentgen amatchedwa chopinga. ulamuliro Radiographic zimagwiritsa ntchito X-ray.

Popanga madzi a gamma ndi nyutironi emitters

A Popanga madzi a gamma cheza gwero - ndi nyukiliya mchitidwe zambiri isotope a cobalt, iridium kapena cesium. Mu chipangizo izo aikidwa mu wapadera galasi kapisozi.

emitters nyutironi zimagwiridwa mu amachitanso chimodzimodzi, izo ntchito kokha mu mphamvu ya nyutironi kamwazi.

radiography

Malinga ndi njira zotsatira kudziwika Kusiyana radioscopic, radiometric ndi ulamuliro radiographic. The njira yamasika amakhala kuti zotsatira mawonekedwe analembedwa n'kufika filimu kapena mbale. Radiographic Kupenda amapezeka kutsatira cheza kwa makulidwe a chinthu ankalamulira. Mu pansipa chinthu chowunikira ulamuliro chithunzi chimaoneka pa zomwe mawanga ndi mikwingwirima kuoneka zopindika kotheka (mphako, pores ming'alu) ongokhala voids wodzazidwa ndi mpweya, kuyambira ionization zinthu zosiyana pamene irradiated kachulukidwe amapezeka inhomogeneously.

Pakuti kudziwika ntchito chimodzi mwa nkhani mbale, filimu, ndi pepala X-ray.

Ubwino china chotulutsa anayendera radiographic njira ndi zolakwa zake

Pamene poona khalidwe la kuwotcherera zambiri ntchito maginito, radiographic ndi kuyezetsa akupanga. Mu mafuta ndi gasi makampani malo makamaka bwinobwino anafufuza welded mfundo chitoliro. Ndi kumabungwe amenewa radiographic anayendera njira ndi otchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha ubwino undoubted pa njira zina kulamulira. Choyamba, amaona ndi odziwika: pa chowunikira akhoza kuona kope yeniyeni ya boma mkati mwa kanthu ndi malo a zopindika ndi maphunziro awo.

Ubwino wina - ndi mwatsatanetsatane wapadera. Pochititsa akupanga kapena kamwazi-chipata ulamuliro pali mwina kudziwika onyenga chifukwa kukhudzana wosaka ndi monyanyira china chotulutsa. Pamene anthu omwe sanali kukhudzana radiographic anayendera n'kotheka, ie, m'goli kapena zovuta pamalo si vuto.

Kachitatu, njira limakupatsani kulamulira zosiyanasiyana zipangizo, kuphatikizapo sanali maginito.

Pomaliza, njira ndi oyenera ntchito mu nyengo siili ndi zinthu luso. Pali radiographic ulamuliro wa mafuta ndi gasi mapaipi zimatheka. Maginito ndipo ultrasound zipangizo limapereka malfunctions chifukwa otsika kutentha kapena mbali structural.

Komabe, ali kuipa zingapo:

• Njira radiographic anayendera mfundo welded zochokera ntchito zipangizo zodula kapena zapamwamba consumables;
• Pamafunika ogwira ophunzitsidwa mwapadera;
• Kugwira ntchito ndi cheza nyukiliya n'koopsa thanzi.

Kukonzekera ulamuliro

Kukonzekera. Monga emitters ntchito makina X-ray kapena Popanga madzi a gamma chilema. Kuyeretsa padziko, ndi zithunzi anayendera wopunduka zooneka ndi maso, chodetsa anayendera zokhudza maphunziro ndi kulemba awo isanayambe anayendera radiographic wa welds. Chongani dzuwa la zida.

Poona mlingo wa tilinazo. M'madera anaika miyezo kwa chiwopsezo kuyezetsa:

• waya - kusindikiza yokha, perpendicular kwa izo;
• grooving - chichokereni ku msoko si zosakwana 0.5 cm, grooves malangizo - perpendicular kwa msoko ndi;
• Mbale - wakulekana ndi msoko cm osachepera 0.5 kapena msoko pa Buku chodetsa zizindikiro sayenera kuonekera pa cipangizo.

ulamuliro

Technology, ndi madera radiographic anayendera welds amakonzedwa, zochokera makulidwe, mawonekedwe, kapangidwe ka zinthu ankalamulira, malinga ndi mfundo za. The pazipita kololeka mtunda kuchokera ulamuliro chinthu radiographic filimu - 150 mm.

Ngodya pakati malangizo a ray ndi zabwinobwino kuti filimu ayenera kukhala osachepera 45 °.

Mtunda ku cheza gwero pamwamba mayeso kuchita masamu malinga ndi mfundo kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya welds ndi makulidwe zakuthupi.

Kufufuza zotsatira. Khalidwe la kuyezetsa radiographic zimadalira chowunikira ntchito. Pamene ntchito radiographic filimu patsogolo ntchito lililonse mtanda ayenera kuyezedwa kuti litsatidwe magawo chofunika. Reagents kwa mafano processing komanso kuti aone woyenerera malinga ndi mfundo za. Film pokonzekera Control and Management mafano yomalizidwa ayenera kukhala ndi malo apadera mdima. Zithunzi yomalizidwa ayenera kukhala bwino, popanda zosafunika mawanga emulsion wosanjikiza ayenera sadzathyoledwa. Zifanizo za mfundo zolemba ayeneranso ankaona bwino.

Kuonanso bwino zotsatira za miyezo ya kuwunika kukula ziwonongeke wapezeka ntchito yapadera zidindo, magnifiers, olamulira.

Malinga ndi zotsatira polojekiti, kupanga mtima pa n'loonadi, kukonza kapena kukana, womwe wapangidwa m'magazini anakhazikitsa mtundu wa NTD.

Ntchito zoyesera filmless

Lero, luso digito ochuluka mbali mafakitale, kuphatikizapo radiographic sanali zowononga njira yoyesera zinthu. Pali ambiri choyambirira zikuchitika makampani zoweta.

Pamene digito dongosolo deta processing pa radiographic amagwiritsa reusable kusintha mbale zopangidwa akiliriki kapena phosphorous. X-ray kugwa pa bwalolo, inatuluka laser ndi scanned, ndi fano ndi wotembenuka pa polojekiti lapansi. Pamene ulamuliro mbale dongosolo malo analogously zoyesera filimu.

Njira angapo ubwino bwino poyerekeza ndi filimu radiography:

• Osada mu ndondomeko yaitali zida filimu processing ndi chipinda wapadera kwa cholinga ichi;
• sayenera zonse kugula filimu ndi reagents iye;
• kukhudzana ndondomeko amatenga nthawi pang'ono;
• yobereka atangochimwa khalidwe digito chithunzi;
• kudya archiving ndi kusunga deta pa kompyuta;
• luso logwiritsa ntchito mbale angapo;
• mphamvu cheza mu ulamuliro wa angathe kuchepetsedwa ndi theka, ndipo kuya kwa ukuwonjezeka malowedwe.

Ndiko kuti, pali mtengo ndalama nthawi ndi kuchepetsa milingo padzuwa, motero chiopsezo ku ndodo.

Safety pa kuyezetsa radiographic

Pofuna kuchepetsa zotsatira zoipa kunyezimira nyukiliya thanzi la wogwira ntchito ayenera kutsatira mosamalitsa ndi miyeso chitetezo kwa kukhazikitsa wa magawo onse a kuyezetsa radiographic zimfundo welded. Basic chitetezo malamulo:

• zida zonse ayenera kukhala roadworthy, ndi zolembedwa zofunika, za asangalatsi - chofunika mlingo wa maphunziro;
• mu zone ya ulamuliro Musalole anthu amene si kupanga;
• emitter pa ntchito, woyendetsa ntchito ayenera udzakhazikitsidwe pa mbali zosiyana malangizo cheza ndi osachepera 20 mamita ;
• Chitsime cha kutentha ayenera akhale okonzeka ndi chotchinga choteteza, amene kumathandiza kupezeka kunyezimira mu mlengalenga;
• Musati mukhale mu zone ya zotheka malire cheza kukhudzana kwa nthawi yaitali;
• misinkhu cheza m'dera kupeza anthu ayenera nthawi zonse kuunikira ntchito dosimeters;
• bwaloli ayenera akhale okonzeka ndi chodzitetezera ndi zotsatira yaikulu ya dzuwa, monga mapepala patsogolo.

Zofunika ndi zolembedwa luso, GOST

Radiographic chiyesedwe cha mfundo welded ikuchitika malinga GOST 3242-79. zikalata zofunikira kuyezetsa radiographic - GOST 7512-82, MDR 38.18.020-95. Kukula kwa zizindikiro kulemba ayenera kutsatira GOST 15843-79. Mtundu ndi mphamvu ya magwero cheza amusankha malingana ndi makulidwe ndi osalimba zakuthupi irradiated malinga GOST 20426-82.

Maphunziro tilinazo ndi mtundu wa muyezo ndi Lamulo GOST 23055-78 ndi GOST 7512-82. The processing mafano radiographic ikuchitika malinga GOST 8433-81.

Pamene ntchito ndi magwero cheza ayenera kutsatira chakudya cha Chilamulo Federal "Pa cheza Safety ya Population", JV 2.6.1.2612-10 "Basic ukhondo Malamulo kuchipatala Safety", SanPiN 2.6.1.2523-09.