Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy - realist ya theka lachiwiri la XIX m'ma

Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy, wojambula wa theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19, anapita mpaka mu mbiri monga woyambitsa wa m'banja kupenta realist masiku luso. DZIWANI akufotokozera mfundo za Kuzindikira zovuta ntchito yake, komanso nkhani pa chiphunzitso cha luso. Ambiri mwa zojambula wake amadziwa upamwamba wa kupenta Russian. wolemba anali katswiri wa zithunzi, mbiri yakale komanso zithunzi mtundu wanyimbo.

mbiri yamoyo ndi maphunziro

Kramskoy, wojambula, wotchuka chifukwa cha zojambula wake ziriri, anabadwa mu 1837 mu chigawo Voronezh mu banja pakati kalasi. Anamaliza ostrogorzhskoe sukulu kwenikweni, koma chifukwa cha umphawi m'banja sadathe kumaliza maphunziro awo ku sukulu ya sekondale. Ndikugwira ntchito Duma m'deralo, iye anakhala chidwi chithunzi retouching. Posakhalitsa, mphunzitsi wake anali M. Tulin amene anamuphunzitsa ndizosowa kupenta. Patapita zaka zingapo Kramskoy, wojambula bwino chifukwa zithunzi, anasamukira ku St. Petersburg, komwe anayamba wake luso ntchito Mubalane, chimene chinafika mpaka imfa yadzidzidzi mu 1887.

Phunziro pa sukulu ya

Mu 1857, iye anakhala wophunzira wa Academician Markov, amene makamaka kupenta mbiri. Pophunzira wake analandira mendulo zingapo onse zojambula wake ndi magazini a zojambula za akatswiri ena pa mitu achipembedzo. A zing'onozing'ono zagolide Mendulo za tsogolo zojambulajambula wotchuka analandira kupenta wodzipereka kwa nzika za m'Baibulo.

Pakuti chithunzicho mutu ndi ufulu kulandira boma penshioni anafunika kugonjera ntchito mpikisano pa siteji ya sagas Denmark. Komabe, Kramskoy, wojambula, kufuna fano yokhudza zochitika ndi ufulu kulenga, pamodzi ndi khumi ndi zitatu ophunzira ena anatembenukira kwa Academy of Management ndi pempho kuwachotsa mpikisano, kulungamitsa chilakolako chake kuti akufuna kulemba nkhani zimene okha mungakonde. Kenako amisiri wamng'ono kukhazikitsa zigawenga awo luso lomwe Komabe, sakhalitsa, kuyambira posachedwapa mamembala ake anaganiza zosamukira okhutira boma.

"Peredvizhniki"

Zojambulajambula Kramskoy, amene zojambula kale mu nthawi oyambirira a ntchito yake wakhala chochitika wodziwika bwino pa zachikhalidwe za ufumuwo, anakhala wa bungwe ndi inspirers maganizo a m'gulu. mamembala ake kumbuyo mfundo za Kuzindikira zojambulajambula, yogwira udindo ndi woganizirana aluso. Ntchito yake, wolemba kumbuyo mfundo za Kuzindikira. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti pachithunzipa amayenera kukhala zodalirika, komanso kunyamula makhalidwe ndi maphunziro tanthauzo. Choncho, ntchito makamaka modabwitsa unathandizira.

Mu 1870s, mlembiyu amalenga lonse mndandanda wa zithunzi chidwi a m'nthawi yake yotchuka: analemba chifanizo cha Tolstoy, Nekrasov, Shishkin, Tretyakov ndi ena. Zino, malo apadera wotanganidwa ndi chithunzi cha Kramskoy wojambula zidalengedwa mwa iye mu 1867. ukonde uyu ali ndi digiri yapamwamba ya Kuzindikira monga nyengo yonse ntchito yake.

Chithunzi cha Nikolai Nekrasov

zithunzi zambiri wolemba zinalembedwa kalembedwe zojambula mtundu wanyimbo. Akuonetsedwa pa iwo anapereka anthu choncho zojambula ndi zithunzi za ku moyo ndi njira ya moyo.

Chitsanzo ndi wotchuka ntchito chithunzicho, "Nekrasov pa" Last Songs "," 1877-1878 chaka. Ndi chithunzi ichi, wojambula anauyamba kusonyeza ndakatulo wotchuka pa ntchito mu nthawi yomalizira ya moyo wake. Nthawi zambiri ntchito wojambula unathandiza zofunika mutu wa zokumana maganizo anthu, za kulimbana kwake ndi imfa, kapena mantha chilichonse. Mu ntchito za ambuye wa maphunziro awa analibe gawo makhalidwe ndi ntchito za amisiri ena. Iye nthawi zonse anali kumenyana mzimu ndi matenda ndipo kwambiri kwambiri anatha kunena mfundo izi mu chithunzi pamwambapa.

Akazi zithunzi

Mwina wotchuka kwambiri ntchito za mbuye - ". The Mlendo" penti Wojambula Kramskoy anatsindika kukongola chitsanzo wake. Anatsindika kuti ndi fashionistas m'tauni, mosamala analamula maonekedwe ake: wolemera ubweya odula, flirty nduwira wokongola zodzikongoletsera ndi nsalu.

Zimasonyeza chakuti maziko ku kupenta imeneyi ndi yofunika sekondale: izo kwake Chifunga, monga wolemba chidwi athu onse akunena za kaso mtsikana. Iye ankakonda kujambula zithunzi za chithunzicho Ivan Kramskoy. Mlembi wa zojambula ndi maganizo osiyana.

Ngati mkazi pa cithunzithunzi pamwamba limasonyeza aima wonyada mtima chitsanzo pa chinsalu "Bakuman ndi scythe ake," Mosiyana, zikusonyezedwa zovuta komanso zopweteka mphindi pamene ankaoneka apatukane ena onse, ndipo kotheratu mtima wodzikonda. Choncho, nkhope yake, monga kuyenera maonekedwe a mlendo, akufotokoza kwambiri moyikirapo woganizira ena, chisoni ndi chisoni kuwala.

"Sakutonthozeka Chisoni"

chithunzi ichi utoto 1884, motsogozedwa ndi chisoni chithunzicho lakuti, amene mwana wake anamwalira. Choncho, monga mkazi, zikusonyezedwa maliro kavalidwe, kuzindikira maonekedwe a mkazi wa mlembi.

kupenta Izi isiyana ndi ntchito zina woyambitsa kuti kutaya mtima, umene zinapatsira. Pakati pa lona limasonyeza pakati mayi wina wachikulire mu diresi wakuda. Iye waima pafupi ndi bokosi wonse maluwa. chisoni chake chimaoneka sitingathe, ndilo zachilendo, ndipo ngakhale mfulu, maso ake akusuntha manja, umene iye amayikanikiza mpango kukamwa kwake. kupenta Izi mwina wina wa mphamvu zambiri mu wojambula ndi Russian luso ambiri.