Ivan Fedorov ndi ndani? Wambiri Ivan Fedorov mwachidule

Amene ali Ivan Fedorov amadziwa, mwina lero aliyense wa sukulu. Kuchokera m'mabuku mbiri ana kudziwa mfundo yakuti choyamba Russian kusindikizidwa buku analenga munthu uyu. Iwo amadziwanso kuti anakhalapo m'nthawi ya Ivana Groznogo ndi ophunzira kwambiri munthu miyezo ya m'nthawi imeneyo. Koma ambiri chidwi mfundo ku moyo wa chithunzi ichi lodziwika bwino ndi safotokoza mabuku maphunziro. Komanso mmene yaminga anali ntchito Russian upainiya.

Buku loyamba mu Russia

Buku loyamba la makolo a ku Russia zamakono anakumana ndi chikondi ndi ulemu waukulu. Koma Ivan Fyodorov, anthu a Russia ndi amene, ndiyeno komabe samadziwa. Ndipotu zinachitika wa buku ano anaonekera yaitali asanabadwe munthu. Kumayambiriro Ages Middle, mabuku koma anasindikiza komanso kukopera. Anachita izo ophunzitsidwa mwapadera anthu - alembi. Ntchito ya akatswiriwa zolemera, ndi ntchito zokolola zinali masamba osakwana anayi tsiku.

Mu zaka za m'ma XV, ndi German Johann Gutenberg anapanga makalata makina kusindikiza. Kutulukira Izi wafunsira kubadwa kwa makampani kufalitsa mu Europe. Koma choyamba Moscow makina nyumba, ndipo analengedwa anali mu zaka za m'ma XVI, izo wachita kokha pa maziko a dziko. Yekha Ivan Grozny analamula kuti amange Mwaichi nyumba osiyana, limene, mogwirizana ndi deta zilibe umboni weniweni, ndipo Ivan Fyodorov ntchito. Mpainiya briefed anzake ndi zipangizo kusindikizidwa lofalitsidwa mu Moscow mabuku awiri okha. Posachedwapa, iye anakakamizika kusiya nyumba zawo. Watsopano, mwapang'onopang'ono njira sanali kukoma kukopera. Ndipo zimenezi si zodabwitsa, chifukwa chilengedwe cha makina typographic mosatsata gwero yaikulu ndalama.

mu ukapolo

Woyamba osindikiza buku Russia sanazichite chifundo osati mwa alembi akatswiri komanso ansembe. Last ndinaona nzeru njira za mpatuko cholinga. Chifukwa cha nyumba chiwembu kusindikiza ili Nikolskaya Street, ilo linali pa moto. Komabe, pali buku lina monga izi moto atsogoleri sanali zokhudzana. chodabwitsa chotero m'masiku amenewo pa nkhani ya zonse Moscow matabwa. Ndipo mbuye sanayese n'komwe kufunsa yoopsa mfumu ya ngongole ina chifukwa ntchito yomanga makina atsopano osindikizira.

Full a zinsinsi yonena Ivana Fedorova. Mwachidule amene anganene kuti kwa zaka zambiri chosindikizira woyamba Russian inachitika mu Moscow, ndi m'dziko lachilendo. Choyamba, Fedorov anapita ku Grand Duchy la Lithuania, kenako - kuti Lviv, kumene wakutsegula shopu yake bwinobwino.

"Mtumwi"

Wambiri Ivan Fedorov ali kwambiri mawangamawanga oyera. Mwina, iye anaphunzitsidwa mu Kraków. Komabe, yunivesite sanapeze mfundo zotsimikizira Russian mpainiya maphunziro typographic luso.

Ndi ndizosowa yosindikiza European Western Fedorov anali bwino. Koma buku la mabuku Russia ayenera kulenga kalata, kujambula pa miyambo ya mabuku Russian. Buku lake loyamba Fedorov ntchito chaka chonse. Thandizo Pankhaniyi operekedwa ndi mnzake Peter Mstislavets. bukhu lotchedwa "The Mtumwi." Wosasintha mu ntchito imeneyi luso typographic anali pretentious kwambiri ndi ankawoneka ngati kulemba. Ndime iliyonse imayamba ndi makalata lalikulu ofiira omwe anali ikuchitika kalembedwe chipangizo zapamwamba. Mu buku lino, wolemba komanso limasonyeza pano chito Greek ndi Venetian.

Magazini atsopano a mbiri Ivana Fedorova inali kuperekedwa. Mwachidule mpainiya adalembera za maphunziro ake. Malinga ndi iye, typographic luso anamuphunzitsa ndi Chidanishi mbuye.

"Breviary"

Sizikudziwika lero, ngati zolondola zokhudza maphunziro mpainiya wanu. Moyo ndi wodzaza ndi zinsinsi Ivana Fedorova ndi mankhwala a zaka. Komabe, munthu uyu anali kudzinenera zonse ntchito yosindikiza nthawi. Wotchuka Russian mpainiya anatumikira monga engraver ndi, typographer, ndi kulenga zilembo mwini.

luso limeneli kwa mlembi wa mabuku oyamba Russian analemba monga mphatso, wotumidwa kuchokera pamwamba. ntchito zake amakonda kukhala wokhutira mwauzimu. Choncho n'zosadabwitsa kuti Baibulo lachiwiri la Fedorov ndi Mstislavets anali magulu mapemphero. "Chasovnyk" zikuimira chitsanzo oyambirira a mabuku. Malinga ndi buku, lomwe linali thumba mtundu, ana kwa zaka zambiri kuwerenga.

Wambiri Ivan Fedorov mwachidule umboni za ntchito zake m'dera la Russia. "Breviary" wachiwiri ndi Buku lomalizira, lofalitsidwa mu Moscow yosindikiza nyumba. Koma kufunafuna luso typographic Fedorov sanataye masiku onse a moyo wake.

"Uthenga"

Njira ya umunthu kwambiri nthawi zonse zosokonezeka ndi zaminga. Mbiri ya woyamba buku chosindikizira - chitsanzo omveka. Wambiri Ivan Fedorov wolemera chisoni zochitika. Ambiri mavuto akumuyembekezera mu moyo. Koma mu ukapolo, ndi chimodzimodzi anakakamirabe chilengedwe cha zolengedwa za m'buku. Othandiza Duchy la Lithuania, Fedorov anatha kupitiriza ntchito ya moyo wake wonse. Pamodzi ndi Gregory Hetman Chodkiewicz anatha kumasula ndi "Uthenga Wabwino mphunzitsi."

"Masalimo"

Wambiri Ivana Fedorova ndi ntchito yake imakhudzana ndi mayina monga Grigoriy Hodkevich, Peter Mstislavets. Anthu amenewa panthawi zosiyanasiyana, anali anzake a munthu wamkulu uyu yosindikiza. "Masalimo" - buku limene Fedorov kale anamasulidwa awo. Chodkiewicz ndi nthawi kuti unatha chidwi ndi kusindikiza chifukwa cha ukalamba. Mstislavets pa kuyitana kwa anzake Chilituyaniya anasamukira ku Vilna.

"Mtumwi": Lions

ndi amene Ivan Fedorov, Lviv ankadziwa munthu aliyense otsalira. Mu Ukraine, bwinobwino ankaona kuti alibe mawu olembedwa. Akungoyendayenda kwa zaka mizinda ndi mayiko Fedorov wapeza pogona zosakhalitsa pano, ndi uyamiko kwa anthu otchuka wolemekezeka akhoza kukhazikitsa shopu ina. latsopano "Mtumwi" linasindikizidwa mu mzinda uno. Ngakhale anthu m'deralo ndi kufunika ophunzira, nyumba yosindikiza mabuku posachedwa uwonongedwe.

Kumayambiriro a malonda amene chikalata kunja, Ivan Fedorov zafotokozedwa owerenga za osindikiza chizunzo m'buku ku Moscow mpingo.

"Phunziroli"

Pa funso la amene ali Ivan Fedorov, ndi kosatheka kupereka imodzi mawu yankho. Munthu ameneyu ndi chithunzi choonekera bwino nthawi yake, Iye ndiye mlengi wa lemba Russian, wofalitsa wa buku loyamba. Bwino "phunziroli" anaona zikomo kuwala kwa umunthu chapadera.

Mutha kupanga pofotokoza zoyerekeza wa Ivan Fedorov pamaziko a deta mbiri ndi zipilala za luso Russian yosindikiza. Iye anali munthu amazipanga akhama ndipo olimbikira. Kufikira m'masiku otsiriza a moyo wake sanasiye ntchito yogwira osati makonzedwe a yosindikiza zonse, ndipo ngakhale anakonza asilikali kuponyedwa mfuti weniweni. Mwatsoka, maganizo ake sichinatheke chifukwa imfa mwadzidzidzi.

m'ndende

msonkhano wotsiriza Fedorova anali mu ndende mzinda. Kukhazikitsa atolankhani izi yosindikiza kumuthandiza anali kalonga m'deralo, amene amakhala linachita kukhala mu County pakati chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro. mkulu nsanja wakhala allocated makinawo buku msonkhano, ili pa magombe a mtsinje. Apa, mbuye anazisindikizitsa za mabuku asanu. Woyamba East Asilavo Baibulo anali womaliza ndi yaikulu Russian yosindikiza upainiya. makope ake kuposa magazini chikwi, umene panthawi imeneyo unali chinthu chapadera.

Pokonza Mabaibulo a Baibulo, imene inkatchedwa "Ostrog", zinali popanga ndi kuona m'nkhaniyi anapereka mu zilembo zisanu latsopano. zolakwa ambiri ali kukopera potumiza Ivanom Groznym, m'mbuyo ndondomeko ya kulenga buku lino. Kusintha Anzawo ndi chofunika mu zilankhulo.

Ngakhale changu chake wofunitsitsa ndi khama zosaneneka, mpainiya yosindikiza Russian anafa pa umphawi wadzaoneni. Iye anaikidwa mu dziko lachilendo, ndipo zaka ziwiri pambuyo pa imfa ya tombstone ndi manda ake mbisoweka.