Ivan Fyodorov: yonena za moyo wake, zithunzi

Woyamba osindikiza buku Russia anatenga dzina Moskovitin. Koma ana anadziwika monga Ivan Fedorov. The yonena za munthu ameneyu zonse zochitika ndi kuyenda, amene n'kofunika kuunikila mfundo zofunika kwambiri. Izi abstracts mwachidule moyo wa munthu wamkulu inakhala maziko a chilengedwe mabuku nkhani yakuti "Ivan Fedorov yonena kuti ana." Wambiri mwa munthu uyu adzakhala chidwi kuti aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi ndi chitukuko mabuku Russian, makamaka owerenga wamng'ono. Wambiri Ivan Fedorov ana ayenera amatchula mfundo zikuluzikulu za ntchito yake monga wothandizira upainiya. Inde, kukula kwa chinenero Russian sikutheka kulingalira popanda zipsera. Ndipo dzina la woyambitsa wa buku Russian - Ivan Fedorov.

mbiri yamoyo ndi maphunziro

zaka mpainiya moyo - 1510-1583. Yeniyeni tsiku la kubadwa kwa Ivan Moskovitina osadziwika. dzina lake Mosakayika sizinkachitika dzina banja ndi malo a kubadwa. Pa nthawi Russ ankatchedwa ukulu yaing'ono, mwachirengedwe anatumizidwa Rzeczpospolita. The ambiri m'gawo wakumpoto wa makono Russia m'zaka za m'ma 16 ankadziwika kuti alendo Muscovy.

Amadziwika kuti ali mwana, Ivan anayenda maulendo ataliatali ndipo anaphunzira ku yunivesite ku Ulaya. Azungu kulemba anakantha Ivan Moskvitina - chifukwa ndi nthawi buku kusindikizidwa wakhala amadziwika pa atumwi ku Europe. Education mlingo pa nthawi anali wosiyana ndi zimene adazionazo kunyumba Ivan Fedorov. Wambiri sizikanakhala kwathunthu popanda nkhani zimene kuganiza apangana Europe.

The nyumba yoyamba yosindikiza

An yonena chidwi Ivana Fedorova ana ayenera ili pa malo a nyumba kusindikiza koyamba, yomwe inali pa malire a dziko lathu. Woyamba msonkhano typographic chinamasulidwa mu Moscow. zochitika zawo zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi dzina la mwini wake, amene ankadzitcha Ivan Fedorov. Mwachidule yonena za munthu amasonyeza kuti ichi ndi chinthu chabwino iye sanayambitse wina, ndipo pamodzi ndi typographer ndi mnzake, dzina lake Petr Timofeevich Mstislavtsev. Malinga ndi lamulo la Tsar Ivan m'khutu, yosindikiza anali kutulutsa mabuku achipembedzo. Amachititsa mfumu osindikizira anaikidwa Ivan Fedorov. Mwachidule yonena za ana zingasonyeze kuti chosindikizira woyamba anali wodziŵa ntchito zonse - iye kudula zipsera kumvetsa ntchito bolodi mtengo wa peyala, iye anabwera ndi gulu la zilembo, iye chokongoletsedwa wake mabuku oyamba.

"Mtumwi"

Choyamba lofalitsidwa m'buku lawo lotchedwa "The Mtumwi." Wambiri Ivan Fedorov ana sangaunyalanyaze Buku lokongolali. vignettes Amazing, zilembo momveka kusindikiza ndi mafanizo kwambiri apange bukhu ili ntchito yaluso.

Ambiri "Mtumwi" Mabaibulo muli mawu a chosindikizira. Iwo ndemanga aonekela munthu wophunzira kwambiri, bwino malamulo mabuku a chinenero cha Chirasha nthawi. Ambiri ndemanga yosainidwa chabe, "Ivan Fedorov". Mwachidule yonena za munthu uyu ayenera zikusonyeza kuti mabuku anafalitsa osati pa behest la mfumuyo. Cholinga chachikulu cha wolemba anali buku "mu zosangalatsa anthu Russian." Woyamba "mtumwi" yapindula kukondweretsa zonse za mpingo, ndipo linasindikizidwa ndi makope 2,000. Iwo lidakalipobe zosaposa 60 rarities.

"Breviary"

Buku lachiwiri, lofalitsidwa mu Moscow msonkhano typographic anali "Breviary." olemba ake anapitiriza Peter Mstislavets ndi Ivan Fedorov. Wambiri Russian buku chosindikizira oyima ochepa pa buku yake yachiwiri. Amadziwika kuti iye anali ndi mabuku achipembedzo, ndipo zavomerezedwa kwa atolankhani ndi chivomerezo chonse Mpingo Orthodox.

ndizi

Wambiri Ivan Fedorov ana sayenera zochokera zochititsa chisoni moyo wake. Pakuti zifukwa zingapo kupitirira ntchito yosindikiza wake mu Moscow anali kutembenukira. Mwina chifukwa kunyamuka anali pafupi ngozi imeneyi imene ankhondo latsopano Ivana Groznogo - ndi asilikali. The chosindikizira woyamba anathawa Grand Duchy wa Moscow n'kukakhala Grand Duchy la Lithuania, mumzinda Zabłudów, amene panopa lili m'dera la Poland. Ulemerero osindikiza mabuku oyamba n'kukafika malo akutali - Fedorov ndi Mstislavets mwansangala m'bwalo la Hetman Grigoriya Aleksandrovicha Hotkevicha. otsatira Big cha Orthodox ndi kutsatira za ufulu wa Duchy la Lithuania, iye anapereka chitetezo chosindikizira wake woyamba. Posachedwa yaing'ono msonkhano typographic anakhazikitsidwa pansi zothandizira mipingo yawo ake omwe amakonza kufalitsa mabuku mu Mpingo Chisilavo.

"Pofuna kuphunzitsa uthenga"

Zabludovskii magazini woyamba anali "kuphunzitsa uthenga," yofalitsidwa mu 1569. Pambuyo kuchoka wake njira diverged osindikiza choyamba - Mstislavets adenda kumzinda wa Vilna, ndi nkhawa zonse za tsoka yosindikiza analanda Ivan Fedorov. Wambiri ya nyengo ya moyo atsimikiza choncho waikidwa pa maziko olimba, ndi mabuku atsopano anapeza owerenga awo. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti nthawi ya buku si kwambiri gwero la chidziwitso, monga njira maofesi likulu. mankhwala kusindikizidwa anali okwera mtengo kwambiri, ndipo zamalonda anatengerapo mwayi olemera amakonda kuti aganyali mu bukhu, sindiri kusamala za zimene zinalembedwa mu iwo. Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, "kuphunzitsa uthenga" yasonyeza bwino kuchita zimenezi ndi Ivan Fyodorov anayamba kuganiza za magazini atsopano a bukuli.

"Masalimo"

1570 anali abwino kwa nthawi yonse yokhala mu Zdolbunov. Mu chaka chino anatuluka ambiri wotchuka "Masalimo", chokongoletsedwa frontispisnoy chosema chosonyeza Davide mfumu ya Isiraeli. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mabuku zapamwamba Fedorova, amene anapereka kwa woyang'anira wake - pa limodzi la masamba choyimira cha Khotkevych. Mwatsoka, nthawi yathu anapulumuka makope anayi okha buku - awiri mwa iwo ali mu Ulaya - wina mu Russia ndi chimodzi - mu Ukraine.

The Union of Lublin kuika Hetman Khotkevych mu malo ovuta. Iye sakanakhoza kuthandizira ntchito yofunika kwambiri yosindikiza mabuku, ndipo anakakamizika kukana Fedorov thandizo ndi zothandizira mipingo yawo. Buku chosindikizira wochezeka Zabłudów anachoka ndi kupita ku mzinda. Anayamba nthawi ya ntchito yake Lviv.

Mu 1574, woyamba mu Ukraine typographic msonkhano anakhazikitsidwa mu Lviv. Ndipo kachiwiri yekha wolemba, yoona ndi mkonzi ndi Ivan Fedorov. Wambiri ana ankadziwa kuti monga kubwerera kwa woyamba chilengedwe chake buku chosindikizira - Lviv buku lake loyamba "Mtumwi" adayambanso. Mu Lviv Fedorov Ine analibe aliyense ndalama kapena udindo, kotero Lviv "mtumwi" - uyu ndiye woyamba wa mabuku Fedorova, amene ali yosindikiza yake chikuni. Apa, woyamba la galamala inafalitsidwa mu Russian, imene inkatchedwa "ABC".

Jobs mu Konstantina Ostrozhskogo

M'kupita kwa nthawi, mwayi anachoka upainiya, ndipo mu Lviv, anayamba kukhala ndi zachuma. Anakakamizika opanda ntchito zake ndi muyambe wa tycoon olemera ndi otchuka - Prince Konstantina Ostrozhskogo. Prince analandira anthu ophunzira komanso kuyamikira anthu awo, kotero wazunguliridwa ndi mgwirizano pakati pa anthu asayansi kutsogoleredwa ndi Gerasim Smotritskaya. Pali ntchito Ostroh Academy, amene n'zofunikadi yake "Drukarnya" - chifukwa masiku amenewo anatchedwa msonkhano typographic. Apa Ivan Fedorov zikugwira ntchito yokonza buku la Baibulo ndi buku lapadera lomwe linali patsogolo kuposa zonse zilipo pa nthawi Mawu a Mulungu zipsera.

Mu 1580 Ostroh yosindikiza nyumba anatulutsa Chipangano Chatsopano ndi Masalimo. Choncho panali "buku magulu zinthu nainuzhnyh", lomwe linalembedwa ndi Timoteo M. Ivan Fedorov. Wambiri ana ayenera kuloza kwa nkhani za kumasulidwa izi. "Buku .." anali yochepa mndandanda wa ena mawu kuchokera mu Chipangano Chatsopano, ndi kumasonyeza malo awo pa tsamba la Mauthenga. Chidwi kapangidwe "buku" - chivundikiro tsamba buku chokongoletsedwa yaikulu chipata, amauza anthu wowerenga kupeza dziko la mabuku.

Ostrog Baibulo

Kumene, magazini otchuka Ivan Fedorov mu nthawi iyi anali Ostroh Baibulo. Izi zochititsa chidwi ndi cholowa chikhalidwe cha anthu onse Asilavo, ndi kuyesa luso yosindikiza. Ngati wina anali buku la "Ivan Fedorov. Mwachidule yonena kuti ana "- chithunzi Ostrog Baibulo moyenerera kuti graced frontispiece ake. Palimodzi Mabaibulo asanu a buku ili yaikulu. Ivan Fedorov kusintha zinthu zake chuma, ndipo anabwerera kumzinda pamwamba pa dziko. Apa iye anayesera kuti adzathe kutsegula msonkhano typographic, koma anamwalira wopanda kuona zotsatira cha khama lawo. Lviv kutsegula nyumba yosindikizira ana mwayi woti upainiya ndi ophunzira ake. Fedorov anaikidwa Onufrievskom manda pafupi kachisi. Mwana ndi ophunzira woyenera mpainiya Ivan Fedorov anapitiriza ntchito, koma ndiribe anafika mbiri ya mphunzitsi wake.