Intelligence: IQ mayeso IQ

Lingaliro la "nzeru Chinthu" anayambitsa German zamaganizo Uilyam Shtern. Iye anagwiritsa ntchito IQ ngati acronym kwa akuti Intelligenz-Quotient - IQ. IQ anali mphambu analandira pamaziko a angapo mayesero yovomerezeka imachitika kuyang'aniridwa katswiri wa zamaganizo kuti kudziwa mlingo wa nzeru.

Apainiya kafukufuku nzeru

Poyamba, zamaganizo ankakayikira kuti munthu akhoza kuganizira kukhala, molondola kwambiri anayeza. Ngakhale chidwi kuchuluka nzeru amabwerera zaka zambiri, woyamba IQ mayeso anaonekera posachedwapa. Mu 1904, boma la France anafunsa zamaganizo Alfred Binet kuthandiza kudziwa zomwe ophunzira mwachidziwikire mavuto kusukulu. Kufunika kukhazikitsa nzeru sukulu kumeneko, onse kupeza maphunziro chachikulu mokakamizidwa. Binet anafunsa mnzake Theodore Simon kumuthandiza kulenga mayeso amene akanati lolunjika pa nkhani zokhudza: kukumbukira chidwi ndi mavuto kuthetsa - zinthu zimene ana amaphunzirira ku sukulu. Ena kuyankha mafunso ovuta kuposa msinkhu wawo, choncho, zochokera deta taona, apo tsopano anali mfundo zachikhalidwe cha zaka maganizo. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya zamaganizo - lonse la Binet - Simon - anali woyamba yovomerezeka IQ-mayeso.

Ndi 1916, akatswiri a zamaganizo pa Stanford University Lyuis Terman ndinazolowera lonse Binet - Simon ntchito mu United States. Mayeso kusinthidwa amatchedwa "Intelligence Scale Stanford - Binet," ndipo kwa zaka zambiri wakhala muyezo kuyesa nzeru kuyezetsa mu United States. The Stanford - Binet kuimira zotsatira munthu, ntchito chiwerengero linkadziwika IQ - nzeru quotient.

Kodi kuwerengera nzeru?

IQ poyamba anatsimikiza mtima kugawa zaka maganizo a munthu kutenga mayeso, msinkhu wake kuchuluka ndiponso ochulukila ndi quotient ndi 100. Nkosafuna kunena kuti ntchito (kapena zabwino) cha ana. Mwachitsanzo, mwana ndi zaka maganizo a zaka 13.2 ndi zaka kuchuluka 10 ali 132 IQ ndipo ali ndi ufulu kulowa Mensa (13.2 ÷ 10 × 100 = 132).

Pa First World nkhondo, mayesero angapo kusankha olembedwa kumene usilikali atsopano akupangidwa ku United States Army, oyenera mitundu wapadera wa ntchito. Army kuyesedwa "Alpha" linalembedwa, ndi "Yoyeserera" unachitika kwa kulemba anthu usilikali osaphunzira.

Izi ndi mayesero ena IQ amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti tione lina longobwera kufika mu United States ndi Ellis Island. Zotsatira awo amagwiritsa ntchito yonama ya generalizations zonyenga za "nzeru n'zosadabwitsa otsika" anthu ochokera kum'mwera kwa Ulaya ndi Ayuda. Zotsatira mu 1920 zinachititsa kuti maganizo "racially chinachititsa" zamaganizo Goddard ndi zina Congress wokakamiza yosaloledwa m'dziko. Ngakhale kuti mayesero inkachitikira yekha mu English, koma ambiri mwa anthu osamukira sindikumvetsa izo, boma la United States anathamangitsidwa m'dzikomo anthu ambiri abwino oyambitsa "osayenera" kapena "oipa". Ndipo izo zinachitika kwa zaka khumi pamaso Nazi Germany anayamba kulankhula za eugenics.

Zamaganizo Devid Veksler wokhu-, mu maganizo ake, zochepa mayesero Stanford - Binet. Chifukwa chachikulu ichi chinali zigoli yekha, Yesu akutsimikizira za malire nthawi, ndiponso kuti mayeso anali lapangidwira ana, choncho si oyenera akulu. Chifukwa, pa 1930s, ndi Wexler zachitika mayeso latsopano limene linkatchedwa Scale Wechsler Intelligence - Bellevue. Kenako, mayeso anaikonzanso ndipo anali kudziŵika kuti Wechsler Intelligence Scale akuluakulu, kapena WAIS. M'malo ziyenera imodzi yaikulu, mayeso kulenga chithunzi chonse cha mphamvu komanso zofooka za mayeso. Ubwino umodzi wa njira imeneyi ndiye kuti amatipatsanso mfundo zothandiza. Mwachitsanzo, ambiri mkulu m'madera ena ndi otsika ena akusonyeza pamaso pa olumala zenizeni kuphunzira.

WAIS anali mayeso oyamba a zamaganizo Roberta Vekslera, ndi WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale Ana) ndi Wechsler Intelligence Scale sukulu (WPPSI) anali chinayambika nthawi. Wamkulu Baibulo wakhala wakhala ndikusinthidwa katatu: WAIS-R (1981), WAIS III (1997) ndipo mu 2008 WAIS-IV.

Mosiyana ndi mayesero zochokera zaka kuchuluka ndi mamba maganizo ndi mfundo monga momwe zilili ndi Stanford - Binet Mabaibulo onse a WAIS mopitirira amayerekezera zotsatira za anthu mayeso ndi deta ku nkhani zina za msinkhu chomwecho. Avereji IQ (padziko lonse) 100 mfundo ndi zotsatira 2/3 mu "wamphamvu" osiyanasiyana kuchokera 85 mpaka 115. The WAIS malamulo akhala muyezo mu akuyiyesa IQ, choncho amagwiritsa Eysenck mayesero Stanford - Binet, koma kuti kupatuka muyezo si 15, ndi 16. mayeso Cattell kupatuka ndi 23,8 - nthawi zambiri amapereka wosyasyalika kwambiri IQ, amene sakhoza kulowa anthu osadziwa osokera.

Mkulu IQ - mkulu nzeru?

IQ mphatso anatsimikiza ntchito mayesero yeniyeni yomwe kuchuluka zamaganizo mfundo zothandiza. Ambiri a iwo ndi mphambu pafupifupi opezeka pa mlingo wa 145-150, ndi uthunthu wonse - pakati pa 120 ndi 190. Pa zotsatira 120 pansipa sinafike, ndipo mfundo oposa 190 zovuta interpolate, ngakhale kuli kotheka.

Paulo Kooijmans wa Netherlands ankaona anayambitsa IQ-mayeso osiyanasiyana chapamwamba, ndipo iye ali mlengi wa kwambiri choyambirira ndipo tsopano tingachipeze powerenga mayeso a mtundu uwu. Iye anakhazikitsa ndipo kutumikiridwa ndi kampani wapamwamba mkulu IQ:. «Glia", "Giga" ndi "Holy Grail" Anthu ambiri odziwika ndi otchuka mayeso Kooijmans - ". Angapo sankhani mayeso Kooijmans" "Mayeso namatetule", "Nemesis Kuyesedwa" ndipo Kukhalapo, mphamvu ndi kugwira nawo Paula ndi chiyenera, ndi mbali ya mzimu wa mayesero ultrahigh IQ ndi madera onse. Other tingachipeze powerenga mphunzitsi likuyesetsa mkulu nzeru - Ron Hoeflin Robert Lato, Loran Dyubua, Mislav Predavets ndi Dzhonaton Uay.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kaganizidwe, zomwe zimapezeka mosiyana mbali zosiyanasiyana. Anthu ali ndi luso losiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa nzeru: wapakamwa, muyezo, okhudza malo, cilamulo, masamu. Koma palinso njira zosiyanasiyana za kuonekera - ndi zomveka, lateral, convergent, liniya, divergent, ndipo ngakhale kudzoza ndi mwapang'ono.

Standard ndi apamwamba IQ mayeso limafotokoza chinthu ambiri a nzeru; koma mayesero waudindo, amaonekera m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Nthawi zambiri kulankhula za makumi mkulu IQ, ndipo amatchedwa IQ geniuses, koma kwenikweni akuimira chiwerengero ndi momwe iwo amaunjika mmwamba? Kodi IQ mphambu ndi chizindikiro cha namatetule?

• Mkulu IQ - ndi mphambu uliwonse pamwamba 140.
• Genius IQ - oposa 160.
• Inde lalikulu - mlingo wofanana kapena kuposa mfundo 200.

Mkulu IQ mwachindunji ndi bwino kusukulu, koma kaya ndi mbali yaikulu pa moyo onse? Kodi namatetule luckier anthu ndi IQ m'munsi? Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti, poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina, kuphatikizapo nzeru mumtima, IQ n'lofunika zochepa.

A Kutha ambiri IQ

Kotero, momwe ndendende amatha kumasulidwa zambiri IQ? Avereji IQ-mayeso mphambu anthu 100. 68% ya zotsatira za IQ-mayeso imagwera mkati ndi kupatuka muyezo ku ndikutanthauza. Izi zikutanthauza kuti IQ anthu ambiri ali pakati pa 85 ndi 115.

• Mpaka mfundo 24: maganizo kwambiri.
• 25-39 mfundo: aakulu maganizo chilema.
• 40-54 mfundo: zolimbitsa maganizo.
• 55-69 mfundo: wofatsa chilema maganizo.
• 70-84 mfundo: mmalire mavuto a m'maganizo.
• 85-114 mfundo: pafupifupi nzeru.
• 115-129 mfundo: pamwamba pafupifupi.
• 130-144 mfundo: zolimbitsa talente.
• 145-159 mfundo: mkulu talente.
• mfundo 160-179: mwapadera mphatso.
• zoposa 179 mfundo: kwambiri talente.

IQ ndi chiyani?

Pamene anthu kulankhula za mayesero nzeru, IQ zimatchedwa "mfundo za mphatso." Kodi iwo akuimilira mu kufufuza IQ? Kuti timvetse zimenezi, m'pofunika woyamba kumvetsa mayeso wonse.

Masiku ano mayesero kudziwa koyefishienti wa nzeru ali makamaka zochokera mayeso pachiyambi anayamba mu 1900s oyambirira ndi French zamaganizo Alfred Binet kudziwa ophunzira omwe amafuna thandizo lapadera.

Pokhazikika mukufufuza kwao Binet anayamba mfundo zaka maganizo. Ana a magulu ena zaka mwamsanga mafunso amene zambiri ankayankha kuti ana okulirapo - maganizo awo kuposa zaka kuchuluka. Binet IQ muyeso zochokera luso pafupifupi ana a wina msinkhu.

IQ-mayesero tinapangidwa kuyeza luso munthu angathetsere mavuto komanso chifukwa. Kufufuza nzeru quotient ndi muyeso wa nzeru m'manja ndi wotsimikiza. Mfundo posonyeza mmene mayeso poyerekeza ndi anthu ena a zaka zimenezi bwino zapita.

kumvetsa IQ

Kufalitsa Ziwerengero IQ Yankho Krivoy Bella - belu pamapindikira pachimake Chofanana chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha zotsatira. belu ndiye adatchithisira mbali - mbali imodzi ambiri ali pansipa avareji, ndi pa zina - apamwamba.

Mtengo pafupifupi Choncho liri zigoli zambiri, masamu powonjezera zotsatira zonse ndi kugawa ndi chiwerengero cha mfundo.

kupatuka Standard ndi muyeso wa masiyanidwe mu anthu. A kupatuka otsika muyezo zikusonyeza kuti ambiri mwa mfundo deta ali pafupi kwambiri ndi maonekedwe omwewo. The wapamwamba kupatuka limasonyeza kuti mfundo deta zambiri kuchotsedwa ndikutanthauza. Mu akuyiyesa IQ muyezo kupatuka 15.

IQ ukuwonjezeka

Ndi mbadwo uliwonse wa IQ ukuwonjezeka. chodabwitsa akutchedwa Flynn zotsatira dzina la Wofufuzayo Jim Flynn. Kuyambira 1930 pamene mayesero yovomerezeka ankagwiritsa ntchito, ofufuza anati azilandira ndi Kuwonjezeka zambiri mayeso mawunikidwe a anthu padziko lonse. Flynn adafotokoza kuti kuwonjezeka kumeneku ndi chifukwa kusintha kwa mphamvu yothetsa mavuto, kuganiza popanda, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo.

Malinga Flynn, m'badwo wotsiriza kwa mwachitira makamaka ndi mavuto konkire ndi yeniyeni ya chilengedwe chawo mwamsanga ndipo anthu masiku ano amaganiza kwambiri za zinthu zodabwitsa komanso Wonenedwa. Si zokhazo, koma ikuyandikira chiphunzitso kwa zaka 75 zapitazi zasintha kwambiri, ndipo anthu ambiri chinkhoswe, monga ulamuliro, ntchito maganizo.

Kodi likuyesetsa muyeso?

mayesero IQ kupenda mfundo, m'maganizo okhudza malo, maganizo wapakamwa ndi zomveka luso masomphenya. Iwo anafuna kufotokoza chidziwitso m'madera yeniyeni nkhani, monga mayeso kwa nzeru si chinachake chimene tingaphunzire kuti kusintha kugoletsa kwanu. M'malo mwake, zoyesa aziyese ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo pothetsa mavuto, kudziwa ndondomeko mofulumira kupanga kugwirizana mfundo zosiyana.

Ngakhale mukhoza zambiri kumva kuti umunthu wapadera monga Albert Einstein ndi Stiven Hoking, ndi IQ, a 160 kapena kuposa, kapena ena ofuna mutsogoleli wadziko ndi zinazake IQ, manambala ndi pafupifupi chabe. Nthawi zambiri palibe umboni wakuti anthu awa wotchuka kudutsa konse ndi yovomerezeka IQ-mayeso ndi zambiri adampereka zotsatira zake anthu.

N'chifukwa chiyani zigoli avareji 100?

Psychometrician ntchito ndondomeko kudziwika monga standardization, kuyerekeza ndi kutanthauzira mfundo mfundo IQ. Zimenezi imagwiridwa ndi mayeso pa chitsanzo nthumwi ntchito zotsatira kulenga muyezo kapena mfundo imene kuyerekeza kuwunika payekha. Popeza zigoli pafupifupi 100, akatswiri mwamsanga yerekezerani kuwunika aliyense avareji kuzindikira ngati kugwa mu yogawa yachibadwa.

kachitidwe gulu zingasiyane wofalitsa wina ndi mzake, ngakhale ambiri amakonda kutsatira yemweyo dongosolo mawunikidwe. Mwachitsanzo, pa muyezo wa Wechsler Wamkulu Intelligence Mayeso ndi Stanford - zambiri Binet mu osiyanasiyana 85-115 amaonedwa kukhala "pafupifupi".

Kodi kwenikweni kuunikira mayesero?

Kuyezetsa magazi kuti adziwe ngati IQ cholinga kuyeza wotsimikiza nzeru ndi mafoni. Wotsimikiza zikuphatikizapo nzeru ndi luso anapeza mu moyo wawo ndi m'manja - luso kulingalira angathetsere mavuto komanso momveka bwino mfundo chabe.

Makina nzeru amaona palokha kuphunzira ndi amamuchititsa ndichepe mu mukadzakula. Analimbikitsa monga mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi maphunziro ndi zinachitikira ndi zonse kuwonjezeka pa nthawi.

Mayeso kwa nzeru wochititsidwa ndi zamaganizo chiphatso. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mayesero, ambiri a omwe Mulungu anawanenanso angapo subtests lakonzedwa kuti asa- luso masamu, luso chinenero, kukumbukira, luso, maganizo ndi liwiro la processing zambiri. Zotsatira awo ndiye amaphatikizidwa ndi kupanga mphambu okwana IQ.

Nkofunika kuzindikira kuti ngakhale nthawi zambiri kulankhula za pafupifupi otsika ndi IQ wa namatetule, mayeso imodzi pa mlingo wa nzeru kulibe. Today ntchito zosiyanasiyana mayesero, kuphatikiza Stanford - .. Binet Intelligence Scale akulu Wexler mayeso Eysenck ndi mayesero a chidziwitso luso Woodcock - Johnson. Aliyense wa iwo ndi osiyana chifukwa ndi mmene imawunikidwa, nanga zotsatira amatha kumasulidwa.

Kodi ankaona otsika IQ?

The IQ, ndi wofanana kapena poyerekeza mfundo 70, amaona otsika. M'mbuyomu, chotero koyefishienti wa nzeru amaona ndi miyeso yolinganizira kwa retardation maganizo, nzeru chilema yodziwika ndi kuwonongeka kwambiri chidziwitso.

Today Komabe, IQ yokha si ntchito matenda a chilema aluntha. M'malo mwake, muyezo wa matenda ndi otsika IQ umboni malire amenewa chidziwitso analipo mu m'badwo wa zaka 18 ndi kucheza awiri kapena kuposa madera dziphunzitsiranso, monga kulankhulana ndi odzithandiza okha.

About 2.2% ya anthu onse ndi IQ mphambu pansipa 70.

Choncho zikutanthauza chiyani - kukhala ndi IQ pafupifupi?

IQ mlingo akhoza kukhala abwino ambiri chizindikiro cha luso lolingalira ndi kuthetsa mavuto, koma zamaganizo ambiri amanena kuti mayesero satchula choonadi chonse.

Zina mwa zinthu zochepa zimene sangathe Kuyeza - luso yeniyeni ndi luso lawo. Munthu ndi IQ pafupifupi akhoza kukhala woimba chachikulu, zojambulajambula, woimba kapena makaniko. Zamaganizo Howard Gardner anayamba chiphunzitso cha nzeru angapo, cholinga kuthetsa vuto ili.

Komanso, akatswiri anapeza kuti IQ angathe kusintha pa nthawi. Kuphunzira achinyamata ndi kusiyana aluntha a zaka 4 ali yayenda bwino, khalidwe limene zosiyanasiyana ndi mfundo 20.

mayesero IQ komanso Usawasimbire kuti wounikira chidwi ndi mmene munthu amadziwa maganizo ndi mwini iwo. Akatswiri ena, kuphatikizapo wolemba Daniel Goleman zikusonyeza kuti maganizo nzeru (Eq) kungakhale kofunika kuposa IQ. Ofufuzawa anapeza kuti mkulu IQ kwenikweni kuthandiza anthu m'madera ambiri a moyo, koma ndi chitsimikizo cha moyo sakutero.

Choncho nkhawa akusowa inde Sikuti, popeza anthu ambiri sali geniuses. Monga mkulu mlingo wa IQ sizitanthauza bwino, sing'anga kapena otsika IQ sizitanthauza wolephera kapena mediocrity. zinthu zina, monga ntchito mwakhama, kupirira, khama, ndi mtima onse ndi mbali zofunika za chithunzi cha.