Humus ndi chiyani? Kodi humus nthaka: kapangidwe ndi katundu feteleza

Ndi lingaliro ili afunika kukumana ndi anthu ambiri, koma si aliyense amadziwa zimene humus. Kumasulira kwa Latin "humus" amatanthauza "dziko lapansi", "nthaka" ndipo ndicho organic mankhwala munali zakudya zofunika kwa zomera.

zinthu Humic komanso a ku gulu lapadera la mankhwala mankhwala khalidwe la chivundikiro lapansi nthaka, mwachitsanzo, zimayenera kukhala zachindunji yekha m'nthaka. Ndithudi kuti ndi manyowa, zimene tsopano bwino, nanga kuyang'ana? Zatsalira kwa zomera, nyama ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono chifukwa cha ankachita ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana za chilengedwe.

Mipweya ya humus m'malo zovuta. Iwo amakhala ndi mtundu mdima, amene palibe zomera. The zikuchokera zikuphatikizapo lofunika kwambiri humus humic asidi okhala kwambiri mpweya (60%), mpweya (35%), asafe (pafupifupi 5%), phosphorous, sulfure, chitsulo, ndi zina zotero. Kuchokera pa zimene takambiranazi, ndizoonekeratu wina zambiri yankho la funso limene ndi humus. Humus - liwu Chili mankhwala yaikulu munali mu kapangidwe kake gawo organic (humic ndi zidulo fulvic), mankhwala zochita kupanga (zinthu mankhwala okhala ndi chiyambi zochita kupanga, kapena mawu ena, mchere, amene ali mwa humates ndi fulvates). Koma ichi tsopano kulankhula mwatsatanetsatane.

Monga aumbike humus?

Ndi mfundo humus kuti mwakumana zotsatirazi funso lofuna yakuti ndi humus nthaka, ndi mmene amapangidwa? Humus nthaka - si kanthu koma mankhwala akungotaya zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, makamaka , nyongolotsi. The ndondomeko ya mapangidwe humus chokhalitsa.

Zomera, mankhwala kagayidwe kachakudya cha mitembo nyama - zonsezi ndi chakudya zamoyo zimene moyo m'nthaka. Ena mbali ya amenable mineralization, ndi wina - amuzolengedwa enzymatic kudzitsitsa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni (humification), imene kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala organic, ndi humus aumbike. Humus chimapambana m'menemo, komanso asidi humic, amene kenako watembenuka chifukwa oxidized kuti mpweya woipa komanso madzi. Nkofunika kuti njira kusintha kwa humus - mineralization kapena humification - zimadalira mwachindunji pa nthaka ndi nyengo. Mu nyengo mwachilungamo ofunda ndi chinyezi, ndondomeko makutidwe ndi okosijeni zimachitika mofulumira kwambiri, komanso pafupifupi buku lonse zinyalala mineralized zomera kuti si kudziunjikira mu humus nthaka. Mu nyengo yozizira kusintha zinyalala pang'ono anachedwa, ndipo ndi ochepa, chifukwa ang'onoang'ono zili nthaka humus. Mulingo woyenera humification ndi zolimbitsa nyengo popanda waterlogging.

Choncho, kuchokera pamwamba tingapeze mfundo zoyenera:

1. kuti kukolola, mbewu amangosowa mpweya woipa;
2. mpweya woipa m'nthaka, nthawi zambiri popangidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa zatsalira nyama ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono zomera zimavuta ndi zigawo zosiyana za chilengedwe (tizilombo, tizilombo mphutsi, bowa, etc.);
3. zobwezerezedwanso zatsalira organic wa zomera, nyama ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ndi mawonekedwe humus manyowa, zimene chomwe ndi chofunika kwambiri chonde m'nthaka.

Ntchito ya humus

1. Ntchito thupi. Iwo amalenga ndi amphamvu nthaka dongosolo, potero kupereka makope yabwino ya madzi chofunika kutentha mpweya ndi anakonzeratu ndi wabwino kukula kwa mizu m'nthaka. Humus kumathandiza kupereka Mgwirizano dothi kuwala ndi nthaka tithe kumvetsa kumasulira kwake mwamphamvu.
2. Mankhwala ntchito. Iye ndi nkhokwe lalikulu la zakudya. Chifukwa cha zosiyanasiyana tizilombo humus linawola ndi nthawi (mineralization ndondomeko), chifukwa mu amasulidwe mkaidi mu asafe m'menemo, phosphorous, potaziyamu ndi zinthu zina.
3. Ntchito kwachilengedwenso. Humus amalenga zabwino chitukuko ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito za tizilombo zosiyanasiyana.

mitundu ya humus

• Akuti mor (humus podzolic dothi). Humus mtundu ili yaukali kwambiri, muli wambirimbiri detritus, n'kupanga otsika ntchito kwachilengedwenso mu chikhalidwe acidic wa chilengedwe anachita.
• Moder (humus sod-podzolic dothi), amene anapanga pa pakati pa ntchito kwachilengedwenso pansi pa acidic anachita sing'anga ndiponso zimene ankachita ofooka ndi nthaka mchere.
• Mullen (chernozem Humus) kupanga pa ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri kwachilengedwenso pansi sing'anga ndale anachita mwachangu interacts ndi dothi mchere.
• Anmoor (humus sod-gley nthaka), zomwe aumbike mwa kanthawi dothi madambo aakulu.
• Aligotrofny peat, umene "osauka humus" bogs.
• Mtundu lomaliza - eutrofny peat, umene "wolemera mu humus" fens.

Tanthauzo la humus mu chonde

Humus akutithandiza zedi mu ndondomeko ya mapangidwe nthaka. Ndimasewera udindo wofunika kwambiri mwachindunji mu mapangidwe mbiri nthaka. Humus kumathandiza kulumikiza wa particles dothi mu aggregates (apezeka), izo amalenga lofunika agronomic kapangidwe ndi yabwino kwa zomera thupi katundu wa nthaka. Lili zofunika zakudya zomera ndi kufufuza zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe kudzera kwa mbewu pambuyo ndondomeko mineralization.

zinthu Humic ndi chakudya cha tizilombo nthaka. Zomwe zili humus m'nthaka zimadalira mphamvu zosiyanasiyana mankhwala zako ndi kwachilengedwenso kuti chifukwa kudzikundikira zinthu zofunika kwa zomera. Humus kumathandiza kupereka nthaka mtundu mdima, motero dziko bwino zimatenga mphamvu ya dzuwa.

Kapangidwe ndi katundu wa humus

feteleza Izi ndi zovuta zazikulu zovuta mankhwala organic amene anapanga pa kuwonongeka kwa zatsalira zosiyanasiyana organic.

Mu zikuchokera ndi humus nthaka ndi zotheka kuonetsetsa gawo yeniyeni (pafupifupi 90%) wopangidwa mwa zinthu humic ndi gawo si yeniyeni (ena) wopangidwa mwa zinthu negumifitsirovannyh organic. Nthaka humic zinthu nawonso, anapereka:

• humic zidulo - mkulu maselo kulemera asafe munali mankhwala organic ndi dongosolo ozungulira, osati sungunuka m'madzi ndi zidulo, koma sungunuka alkalis ofooka, wa asidi humic monga chimasanduka (pafupifupi 50%), wa hydrogen (5%), mpweya (40%), asafe (5%);
• humates, popangidwa ndi mogwirizana zidulo humic ndi dothi mchere; humates zamchere amapatsa sungunuka m'madzi, potero kupanga njira colloidal; humates monga kashiamu ndi magnesium si sungunuka mu mawonekedwe madzi ndi madzi zosagwira dongosolo;
• zidulo fulvic - mkulu maselo kulemera asafe munali organic zidulo kusungunuka m'madzi, zidulo zosiyanasiyana ndipo njira zamchere, kuwonjezera, iwo ali sungunuka solvents ena organic; zidulo fulvic ndi mpweya wa, wa hydrogen, mpweya ndi asafe, ndi ponena kuti zidulo izi zimathandiza kuti chiwonongeko yogwira nthaka mchere wofunika.

Kutanthauza humus zomera

nyota onse zinthu humic akadali sanaidziwe, kotero izi ndi okhawo akuluakulu, chosasunthika mu chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe.

Choncho, humus - feteleza zimene zimalimbikitsa:

1. yotithandiza kupuma zomera ngakhale kusowa pachimake mpweya;
2. yowongolera ulimi;
3. kumapangitsanso photosynthesis, yotithandiza ntchito za michere kuti mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi zimene photosynthesis;
4. mofulumira mayendedwe ndipo makope michere yomweyo mkati mbewu;
5. kukula ndi chitukuko cha zomera;
6. Kupemphera tichotseretu ndi chitukuko impso;
7. sichisinthasinthanso kuti zotsatira kunja chowawa;
8. mapangidwe mankhwala khola ndi zitsulo, mayamwidwe wa mankwala, nitrate ndi ena ambiri;
9. acidity kuwonjezeka pa pamalo mizu;
10. kuonjezera chomera kukaniza zochita za mankhwala ndi herbicides, kuchepetsa kudzikundikira iwo mu chomaliza mankhwala.

The ntchito zinthu humic mankhwala

Malinga ndi zotsatira za mayesero osiyanasiyana imachitika mankhwala kudziwa zimene manyowa, zimene mankhwala, zomwe ndi zochokera monga zinthu humic angagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi yathu mankhwala anthu ndi Chowona Zanyama monga mankhwala si yeniyeni kuti tizikonda kukaniza thupi zotsatira za ngozi zosiyanasiyana.

mankhwala zochokera zinthu humic deta lero alipo kale pa msika. Iwo ntchito mwakhama chithandizo cha mitundu sciatica zosiyanasiyana za matenda a makutu ndi mphuno, pharyngitis, rhinitis, nyamakazi, nyamakazi, arthrosis ndi matenda ena ambiri. Ubwino wa mankhwala awa ndi iwo si a poizoni.

Zinsinsi za zinthu humic

Amene anabwera ku kwanzeru za nkhani imene humus dothi mapangidwe ake, katundu ndi ntchito. Chinthu chokha chimene ine ndikufuna kuwonjezera, ndi mawu ochepa za zinsinsi za zinthu humic. Monga tikudziwira, si achilendo kwa nthawi zonse mipweya, iwo alibe yeniyeni maselo kulemera ndi zonse mtundu umodzi. zinthu Humic adakali akuphunziridwa mwa akatswiri asayansi nthaka, hydrobiologists, madokotala, mankhwala, pofuna kufotokoza zinsinsi zonse zimene zasungidwa mu iwo, ikuyembekezeka amaperekanso tanthauzo zambiri.