Hammurabi Code Chilamulo ndi makhalidwe ake. Katundu ndi ngongole Sudebnik Mfumu Hammurabi

zakale izi ofukula zinthu zakale monga Hammurabi Code la Chilamulo, ndi wapadera. thupi ili la chilamulo unakhazikitsidwa pakati pa BC XVIII atumwi. Pofuna izo kwa mibadwo, Ababulo lankhosa lemba pa basalt ndime amene poyamba anali kusungidwa mu malo pakati pa mtsinje wa Tigirisi ndi Firate. Patapita zaka mazana angapo, pamene mphamvu wagwa, chipilala anagwidwa Susa. Tsopano ndi kum'mwera kumadzulo Iran. Ndi apa ya Malamulo a Hammurabi anapezeka zinthu zakale French pa kukaona 1901-1902 gg.

Kufotokozera za chipilala cha

Pa chipilala kutsogolo wakhala anafukula. Ichi chidachitika Ayelami, amene adatenga mtengo, anasamukira likulu lake kum'mawa. anthu awa mfumu inalamula kufufuta wa chizindikiro pachiyambi kwa malo ufulu afotokoze kupambana kwawo kwakukulu pa Babulo.

Komabe samaletsa chipilala izi kuti kuika wamkulu wa malamulo a anthu. Iwo kuvala alumali chimodzimodzi ndi zizindikiro zina anatengedwa ndi zikhalidwe zosiyana za mdziko ndiye. Mwachitsanzo, Hammurabi Code Chilamulo ndi Malamulo a Manu, analandira ku India, nthawi zambiri zinthu kusanthula mangawawo. Ndi zolemba zimenezi n'zotheka kumvetsa mmene anthu ankakhala komanso mmene iwo anayang'ana pa dziko owazungulira.

Kumtunda Kadulidwa likutipatsa zojambula yachiwiri. Ndi chithunzi cha mfumu Hammurabi. Iye anapemphera kwa Mulungu ndi chilungamo Shamash dzuwa, amene amapereka kazembe malamulo. Onse a padziko ndime ladzala ndi malemba. Potsiriza, palinso.

Akatswiri agawa zosiyanasiyana kwa nkhani 282. Chifukwa chakuti mbali ya fano lachotsedwa, pali 247. yekha Ngakhale pambuyo 1902, akatswiriwa anapeza kupitiriza lembali pa mapale amene anali kusungidwa mu midzi ina m'derali, komanso wotchuka laibulale ya Nineve.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

mazana angapo pamaso Hammurabi ku Mesopotamia panali boma centralized. Iwo anali ogwirizana padziko Sumer ndi Akkad. Pambuyo nkhondo ya Aamori-wongosamukasamuka ku steppes ozungulira mapangidwe izi anakomoka. Mu malo ake anaonekera ochepa limati zing'onozing'ono, kuphatikizapo Babulo. Mu 1755 BC, Mfumu Hammurabi ogwirizana maufumu osiyana. Komanso anagonjetsa Susa. Zinali atapambana nkhondoyo zofunika linasindikizidwa sudebnik Mfumu Hammurabi.

malamulo gwero lofunika pa chidziwitso cha lamulo la East wakale. Madongosolo, amene anaonekera pamene Hammurabi, kwa zaka zambiri. Kusintha ali kwambiri kuchuluka udindo wa boma pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu a ufumu.

The zolemba yosema mu Babulo ankalankhula atazindikira. Pankhaniyi, kutsegula ndi kutseka gawo ndi kayimbidwe kotani makamaka.

kalasi yoyamba

Monga zopereka zina za malamulo a Hammurabi Code Chilamulo anayambitsanso kugawanika bwino anthu m'magulu angapo chikhalidwe. Makalasi chapamwamba ankatengedwa anthu a midzi ing'onoing'ono. magulu awa ali ndi ufulu wodzilamulira. Aliyense maphunziro analandira mu umwini limodzi la dziko la nthaka yachonde. njirayi kale pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Hammurabi - yekha anatsimikizira mitala. Mafumu a Babulo anasiya kulowerera pa moyo wawo, makamaka anayesera zonse kufalitsa dziko. Maboma ankaletsedwanso kukhudza ziwembu izi. Komabe, ammudzi zonse analipira msonkho kwa chuma cha mfumukazi. zoperekazo nkhani mbali yaikulu ya chuma cha ufumu wa Babulo. Hammurabi Code Chilamulo akapatsidwa kwa kazembe mphamvu zoika akulu ammudzi. Pamenepo chikoka chake pa miyoyo yawo inatha. Katundu ndi ngongole Sudebnik Mfumu Hammurabi ankadalira kwenikweni vuto chikhalidwe.

Mwa madera anagawanika wotuluka ndi chuma. dziko anagulitsa, anausiya ndipo anapanga nkhani ya katapira. Kukula kuika aviluma (wokhala wa gulu) zingakhale za mahekitala 1 mpaka 60.

m'kalasi yachiwiri

Oimira kalasi wachiwiri ankatchedwa mushkenum. Mawu amenewa amanena za anthu amene sanali anthu a mmudzimo ndipo analibe gawo lawo. Choncho, alandira boma m'dziko ndi kukhala izo, kudziwa ndi kudalira ena pa mphamvu ya mfumu. Nthawi zambiri m'gulu la anakhala anthu losauka cha anthu, amene anapereka gawo lake la ngongole.

Popeza Babulo unali likulu chikhalidwe cha deralo, apa anatambasula anthu a m'mayiko ena. Mwachitsanzo, iwo anali anthu osamukasamuka amene akufuna kuthetsa m'dziko. Kuti tichite zimenezi, iwo atha kupeza kuvala mfumu ndi mu utumiki wake. Ndi mushkenum ankachitira mofanana wolemekezeka ndi akuluakulu a yotumikira anthu, ndi anthu wamba osauka.

M'kalasi yachiwiri analibe boma. Ichi chimatanthauza kuti moyo wake kwathunthu analamulira makonzedwe lachifumu. Ogwirizira a m'madera onse akhoza zimachitika malo ena popanda chenjezo. chuma ndi m'kalasi yachiwiri poyerekeza ndi avilumov katundu kulondera wosamalitsa kwambiri, monga anthu ena. Mwachitsanzo, monga mwa 8 Nkhani, ndi kuba katundu ngati ndi chilango ndi tenfold chabwino. Ngati mbala kuzibweza kuti boma la m'thumba mwake, ndiye anaphedwa.

Magwero waukulu Sudebnik Hammurabi kuti kukula kwa boma chikalata ankavala ankadalira malo unachitikira ndi munthu. The utumiki wofunika kwambiri wa ansembe m'kachisi ndi amalonda (tamkarov). Anthu amenewa akhoza kupeza kuchoka pa mahekala 12 75 m'dziko. Katundu ndi ngongole Sudebnik Hammurabi amene anali mu utumiki wa asilikali, monga mwasankha. Asilikali ndi kuika osema kukonzekera kuchoka pa mahekala 9 mpaka 12. Pastoralists anali okhutira ndi ziwembu zazing'ono.

akapolo

M'kalasi yachitatu anali akapolo, kapena vardumy. Anthu awa anali mwini, amene mwaufulu kutaya moyo wawo ndi nthawi yopuma. Pakuti kupha kapolo mlandu chabwino ochepa.

Katundu ndi ngongole Sudebnik Hammurabi anali dokotala njira zambiri mwatsatanetsatane. Ndi nkhawa ndipo akapolo. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa kusunga akapolo amathawathawa munthu anadikira Chilango chaukali ku imfa. Akapolo, amene anali kunenedwa polimbana ndi anthu free, alamulidwa kudula khutu. Ndipo akanakhoza kuchita, ndi mbuye wawo.

udindo kapolo akatengela kupatulapo nthawi imene mwana wobadwa mwa mfulu. Ngati munthu anagwa mu umwini wa boma kapena a kalasi wachiwiri, kuti udindo wake sizinali choncho katundu. Iye akanakhoza kuyamba banja. Akapolo amene analembedwa ndi anthu ammudzi, tikukhala mu mavuto, monga boma sikusokoneza mu ubale wawo ndi eni.

Kukhala ndi Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira makamaka kwenikweni anatsimikiza ndi malo chikhalidwe osati chuma munthu. Izi akuonekera bwino mmene ofunika pa moyo wa anthu ammudzi ndi omwe ntchito ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, ngati sing'anga kuchitira aviluma, analandira mphoto ya masekeli 10 asiliva. Ngati wodwalayo ndi mushkenum, ndiye 5. kapolo Health anapereka 2 sekeli. Ngati dokotala wanena kuvulala thanzi la anthu a m'deralo, iye anadula dzanja lake.

khoti

General makhalidwe Sudebnik Hammurabi limanena kuti Babulo kwambiri kulangidwa monyenga. Ndi kulongosola za chilango ngati akuyamba mndandanda wa nkhani pa basalt thanthwe. Mzere oyamba limanena kuti ngati munthu akuimbidwa mlandu wakupha wina ndi sanathe kutsimikizira izi mu khoti, adzakhala anaphedwa chifukwa whistleblowing wake. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha kukula kwa mfundo ya malipilo ofanana (dzina lina - talion). Anthu ambiri akudziwa lamulo limeneli chifukwa mawu akuti "diso kulipa diso" ndi "dzino kulipira dzino."

Ababulo anali anthu malodza kwambiri. Choncho, mirandu anali ofala ufiti. Mlandu umenewu upandu anafunika kuyenda pansi pa madzi mumtsinje kwambiri, ndipo malinga ndi zikhulupiriro za chipembedzo, kawirikawiri mulungu. Izo zimatengera mlandu wa munthu. Ngati iye asafe, wozenga angatenge nyumba wamatsenga. Mulungu mwambo chiweruzo kufalitsa osati m'madera wakale. Iye anali ndi Zapakati, pamene Akristu anatsimikiza mlandu wa munthu pa kaya adzapulumuka dzanja adatchithisira m'madzi otentha.

Magwero waukulu Hammurabi Sudebnik kukaonekera ndi okhwima udindo wa oweruza. Ngati woweruza wapanga chisankho anapereka chikalata, chitsimikiziro kusindikiza ndi kenako kusintha choncho, adzachedwa wakali zabwino zazikulu, ndipo mosatsata ofesi yake. Izi zinali kuchitikanso ntchito ina ku Rome.

Ngati khoti sangathe kamtima kuba pothyola analanda munthu wa chuma chake, m'dera anavutika kumawononga ake recoverable (Article 23). lamulo ili nkhawa avilumov yekha. Ngati kupha wachibale, ndiye munthu ufulu analandira obwezeredwa ku Community kuchuluka kwa ndalama imodzi yasiliva (24 Nkhani). Izi muyeso wakale ntchito mu zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo mu Greece, nthawi yomweyo kwina kulikonse masamu mosiyana. Mu Babulo wakale, wanga wina anali pafupifupi 600 magalamu. maudindo awa Sudebnik Hammurabi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zochepa kuti zonse moyo ammudzi.

Kwadzaoneni looting. Mwachitsanzo, ngati panali moto, ndi mnansi adafika kunyumbako munthu free, kuti phindu, kuti athanso adzaponyedwa mu moto womwewo. mawuwa - kwenikweni. Kuti ndi khalidwe la Sudebnik Hammurabi limanena kuti lamulo saletsa Lynch zigawenga.

chilango logwirika

Mwana kugunda bambo ake anali kutaya dzanja lake. Pankhani imeneyi ndi nkhani zina zambiri chinaonekeranso mfundo yakuti chilango chinaperekedwa ku "olakwa" za thupi. Pakuti puncturing maso a khotilo komanso mbambulusa maso. Yemweyo amapita mafupa wosweka, mano wosweka ndi kuvulala ena.

Pakuti kumenya tsaya munthu, amene anali kalasi chapamwamba, iye analamulidwa 60 akulankhula mokalipa. Ngati nkhondo zoterozo angakhalepo pakati pa anzawo (mwachitsanzo, pakati mushkenum), woyambitsa analangidwa ndi chabwino.

Malipiro ntchito ndi malonda

Nkhani ambiri akhala zoyenera ntchito slipshod ndi inattention. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kalipentala mpanda kuti anakomoka pambuyo, iye anali kumanga izo kachiwiri pa ndalama zake.

Ku Babulo chinali chinthu chofunika kwambiri ntchito boaters kuti ankanyamula katundu. Ngati vuto awo anawonongedwa ndi masiku m'chombo, ndi zina zotero. E. ankafunika kupereka mwini katundu awonongeke. makhalidwe General Sudebnik Mfumu Hammurabi ndi kuti machimo ankaona kukhoti boma, lomwe angaone kukula m'chigawo.

Malamulo zonse malipiro-ntchito, Amayesetsanso mtengo wa ntchito ya amisiri, amisiri, omanga, abusa ndi mitengo zotero. D. atathana kumathandiza kupewa mikangano pakati pa zipani.

Monga tanena boma chuma kuba kuphedwa. Ndi kuba m'gulu zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, ngati munthu akugula chinachake kwa mwana aviluma. zoona zake n'zakuti ana sakanakhoza kutaya katundu banja. Pankhaniyi, ndikupeleka ukugwira kuti kuba ndi chilango chake ndi imfa ya wogula. Mndime ndikupeleka osati kuzera mgwirizano. Chilamulo cha Hammurabi ambiri mosanyengerera kuti mapangano. Mwachitsanzo, banja si choti ndi pepala yoyenera, akhoza kukhala achilungamo.

usilikali

Anthu amene amapezeka mu ankhondo a mfumu, muli nacho kuvala, ndiye iwo ali kalasi wachiwiri. Iwo ankatchedwa redumu (kupatula dziko anapatsidwa wina ndi ng'ombe) ndi bairum. Mayendedwe a asilikali ndi akatengela apabanja. Ngati usilikali ali anapeza ndalama, ankatha kugula katundu payekha, koma anapitiriza kutumikira. Kupeleka ndi boma chuma, malinga ndi gawo la, anaziletsa. Ngati munthu akugula izo (mwachitsanzo ng'ombe), izo wopanda osati kugula komanso siliva wake.

Amenewa anali udindo asilikali wapamwamba. Anamvera alonda - akazembe ndi ten'ses Ngopambana. Kotero kuti asilikali okhwima chilango, boma koopsa hazing. Akundichitira wa alonda, kuphatikizapo kuba, kuphedwa. Redumu anali kwambiri oyenda, koma mauta bairumy okonzeka ndi mivi anakhala.

banja

The apamwamba ankakhala banja okhwima. Choncho mutu wa banja akhoza ndikulonjeza ana kapena mkazi wawo. Komanso, munthu amasankha akazi tsogolo ana awo. mkaziyo anali mu mkhalidwe kudalira pa mutu wa banja. Motero malinga 177 ija, iye ankayenera kuti akhale okhulupirika ngakhale womwalirayo mwamuna. Independents anali akazi okha omwe ansembe. Komabe, iwo zambiri sangakhale ndi banja, wathera moyo wake ku utumiki wa milungu (110 nkhani).

Ngati mkazi sakanakhoza kubala ana kwa mwamuna wake, iye akanakhoza nauyang'anire. Kuchita izi anali kulipira dipo lofanana malowolo naye ku nyumba ya bambo ake. Mabanja chimene chingaoneke mwalamulo. Ngati pa mkazi ukwati si kugula pa onse, mwamuna wanga kum'siya changa imodzi yasiliva. Chilekano ndi Lamulo bwalo.

Ngati mkazi amakhala ndi chikhalidwe aliuma, sanamvere mkazi kapena manyazi, iye anali nawo ufulu kuti amusiye iye popanda kulipira pamene dipo. Komanso mwamuna akhoza ananong'oneza iye ndi kukwatira kachiwiri. Mu nkhani iyi, Mkazi anali kapolo m'nyumba yake.

Koma khoti komanso kumbuyo ndi mkazi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mwamuna zinali zosiyana kuledzera, ndinkakonda ake manyazi, mkazi akhoza kupita kukhoti, amene anali ndi ufulu analola kusiya nyumba ndi kutenga nawo malowolo. achibale ndi mlandu wa pachibale, anawatentha pamtengo. Ankaona tchimo lalikulu ndi mwano.

Pomaliza

Pambuyo pondandalitsa 282 nkhani pa mwala basalt ayenera kuganiza olembedwa ndi Hammurabi nkhope. Mmenemo Iye anatchulapo zomwe cha ulamuliro wake, ndi chiyembekezo kuti malamulo ake kukakambirana chisangalalo ndi mtendere ku dziko lake.

Pomaliza, mkulu khalidwe la Sudebnik Hammurabi. Mfumu inamuuza kuti malamulo ake ndi zofunika kuonetsetsa kuti palibe munthu angathe akamenyane ofooka. Iye ananenanso kuti chilungamo akhale aliyense - kuchokera olemekezeka kwa ana ndi akazi amasiye.

Mu apilo wawo mfumu kumafuna yekha wabwino, chabwino ndi wanzeru. Gwero la chikhulupiriro ichi ndi mfumu anakhulupirira kuti ngati malamulo anapatsidwa kwa iye ndi milungu, kuphatikizapo Shamash, Marduk, ndi zina zotero D..

General makhalidwe a malamulo a Hammurabi Sudebnik kuperekedwa mu ndime yomaliza. Mfumu ankakhulupirira kuti, pamene anaphedwa, akhoza ungwiro kuti ndi anthu wangwiro umene udzakhalapo mpaka mapeto a nthawi.