Halogens - izo ... halogen mankhwala

Apa owerenga mudzapeza zambiri pa kampira ndi zinthu mankhwala tebulo nthawi D. I. Mendeleeva. The zili m'nkhani adzalola inu kukhala bwino ndi katundu wawo mankhwala ndi thupi, kukhala mu chikhalidwe, njira ntchito ndi ena.

General mudziwe

Halogens - mbali zonse za mankhwala tebulo zodziwitsa ali mu gulu chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri. Malinga ndi njira ya mtundu wa stroma ali mbali zonse za gulu wachisanu ndi chiwiri, subgroups chachikulu.

Halogen - zikhalidwe akhoza kuchita ndi pafupifupi onse zinthu mtundu wophweka koma wina kuchuluka kwa nonmetals. Zonsezi ndi mphamvu oxidizers, chifukwa pa zinthu zachilengedwe, amakonda kukhala mu mawonekedwe wosanganiza ndi zinthu zina. Chizindikiro halogens reactivity amachepetsa ndi kuchuluka kwa manambala awo ordinal.

Halogens zotsatirazi zinthu ndi: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, ayodini, astatine ndi chongopeka analenga tennesin.

Monga tanenera kale, halogens zonse - ali oxidizing ndi katundu osiyana, kupatula onse iwo si a zitsulo. Kunja mlingo mphamvu ali ma elekitironi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Mogwirizana ndi zitsulo kumabweretsa mapangidwe a ubwenzi amaayoni ndi mchere. Pafupifupi halides onse kupatula fluoride, kungaonekere ngati wothandizira kuchepetsa, mlingo oxidizing n'kufika 7, koma amafunika kucheza ndi zinthu ndi digiri wamkulu wa electronegativity.

Features etymology

Mu 1841, Swedish sayansi J. Berzelius akufuna kumayambiriro kwa halogen akuti, kulozera kwa iwo amadziwika pa nthawi F, br, I. Komabe, mpaka kumayambiriro liwu poyerekezera ndi gulu lonse la zinthu, mu 1811, German wasayansi ndi . Shveygger yemweyo mawu otchedwa chloro akuti yokha anawamasulira kuchokera Greek momwe "solerod".

Atomiki kapangidwe ndi mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni

Kasinthidwe wa akunja elekitironi chigoba cha halogen atomiki ndi: astatine - 6s ² 6p ⁵ iodo - 5s 5p ^{2 5 2} 4p 4S bromo ⁵ chloro - 3s 3p ^{5 2,} fluoro 2s ² 2p ^5.

Halogen - zam'mwamba ndi pa akunja elekitironi mtundu chipolopolo ma elekitironi asanu kuti zimawathandiza "effortlessly" angagwirizanitse elekitironi chipolopolo amene ali osakwanira kwa wathunthu. Childs, mlingo makutidwe ndi okosijeni akuwonekera monga -1. Cl, br, ine ndi Pa yatikhudza ndi zinthu ndi digiri apamwamba, anayamba kuwonetsa zabwino makutidwe ndi okosijeni digiri 1, +3, +5 ndi +7. Fluoride ali ndi digiri zonse -1 zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni.

inafikira

Chifukwa digiri mkulu wa reactivity wa halogens amakhala mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala. Kuwanda mu matanthwe a pansi padziko amachepetsa malinga ndi kuwonjezeka mu utali wozungulira atomiki ku F kwa I. Astatine mu kutumphuka padziko lapansi konse amayezedwa magalamu ndi tennessin analenga chongopeka.

Halides zimapezeka chikhalidwe zambiri mu mankhwala a halides, ndi ayodini amathanso kutenga maonekedwe a potaziyamu kapena ndi sodium iodate. Chifukwa solubility ake mu madzi analipo mu madzi nyanja ndi brines chiyambi achilengedwe. The F - mouma woimira halogen ndipo nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu miyala ya mtundu nyanja, ndipo gwero lake lalikulu - ndi fluoride calcium.

Thupi makhalidwe khalidwe

Halogens ndi mzake akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri, ndipo izi katundu thupi:

1. Fluorine (F2) - mpweya wa kuwala mtundu wachikasu, ali ndi fungo lakuthwa, akutivutitsa, ndipo osati pansi psinjika zinthu zachilendo kutentha. Mfundo limatsogolera ndi -220 ° C ndi kuwira mfundo -188 ° C.
2. Chlorine (cl ₂₎ ndi mpweya ayi compressible pa yozungulira kutentha, ngakhale pamene opanikizika ali lokhuthala lolepheretsa anthu kupuma, Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala fungo ndi lachikasu wobiriwira mtundu. Limatsogolera kumayamba -101 ° C ndi chithupsa pa -34 ° C.
3. Bromine (br _2), - madzi loopsali ndi katundu ndi mtundu bulauni-bulauni ndi lakuthwa fungo fetid. Lingasungunuke pa -7 ° C ndi zithupsa pa 58 ° C.
4. Ayodini (I ₂₎ - olimba mtundu wothandizira ali ndi mdima imvi mtundu, ndipo khalidwe zachitsulo luster, fungo lakuthwa ndithu. Limatsogolera ndondomeko limayamba pamene 113,5 ° C ndi zithupsa pa 184.885 ° C.
5. Osowa kampira - ndi astatine (Pa _2), amene ali olimba ndipo ali ndi buluu wakuda mtundu ndi luster zachitsulo. Mfundo limatsogolera limafanana ndi kuzungulira 244 ° C, akuyamba otentha ndipo akafika 309 ° C.

Mankhwala chikhalidwe cha halogens

Halogen - zinthu ndi ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni amene inalili mu malangizo ochokera F kuti Pa. Fluorine, monga woimira kwambiri yogwira halogens, akhoza kutani ndi mitundu yonse ya zitsulo, popanda kupatulapo iliyonse yodziwika. Ambiri zitsulo oimira kulowa zinkakhalira fluorine kukumana kuyaka lachibadwa, motero kumasuka kutentha zambiri.

Popanda kugonjera fluorine Kutentha akhoza kutani ndi zambiri sanali zitsulo, monga H2, C, P, S, Si. Mtundu zotani mu nkhani iyi ndi exothermic ndipo akhozanso kukopeka ndi kuphulika ndi. Mkangano, F kumabweretsa oxidize ndi halogen otsala, komanso kukumana ndi poizoni zinthu amatha ndi Kodi anatani mpweya katundu inert chikhalidwe.

Pamene zimavuta ndi mankhwala mtundu zovuta, fluorine kuli mchitidwe kwambiri amphamvu, mwachitsanzo, oxidizing madzi, chifukwa angayambitse inaphulika.

zotakasika ayeneranso kukhala chloro, makamaka boma ufulu. ntchito mlingo wa zosakwana fluorine, koma akhoza kuchita ndi pafupifupi onse zinthu mophweka, koma asafe, mpweya, ndi mipweya wolemekezeka samva ndi izo. Zimavuta ndi wa hydrogen, Kutentha ndi chloro kapena kuunikira bwino amalenga burnoprotekayuschuyu anachita limodzi ndi kuphulika.

Mu zochita Kuwonjezera ndi M'MALO CL akhoza kutani ndi zambiri zovuta-mtundu zinthu. Akhoza aithamangitse br ndi Ine mwa Kutentha kwa pawiri analengedwa ndi iwo ndi chitsulo kapena wa hydrogen, komanso akhoza kuchita ndi zinthu zamchere.

Bromo mankhwala layamba kuposa chlorine kapena fluorine, koma bwino ndithu kumaonekera. Ichi ndi chifukwa ambiri a bromine br ntchito monga madzi, chifukwa mu chikhalidwe ichi mlingo wa ndende koyamba pa zinthu zina ofanana kuposa CL. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimapangidwira, makamaka organic. Iwo akhoza zidzasungunuka mu H ₂ O pang'ono anatani nazo.

Halogen-iodo mchitidwe ndipamene mankhwala osavuta I ₂ ndipo amatha anatani ndi H ₂ O, kotero mu njira ya iodide, kupanga anions zovuta. Ambiri halogen Ine losiyana kuti zilibe anatani ndi anthu ambiri oimira sanali zitsulo ndi pang'onopang'ono amachitira ndi zitsulo, mu nkhani iyi m'pofunika kutenthetsa. Popeza wa hydrogen ndi amachitira yekha poyera kuti kutentha kwakukulu, ndipo anachita ndi endothermic.

Osowa halogen astatine (Pa) akusonyeza reactivities a zochepa ayodini, koma akhoza kutani ndi zitsulo. Chifukwa cha dissociation zimachitika anions ndi cations.

ofunsira

mankhwala Halogen ankagwiritsa ntchito mwa munthu zosiyanasiyana m'madera. Natural cryolite (Na ₃ AlF ₆₎ ntchito yokonzekera Al. Bromine ndi ayodini zinthu zazing'ono amagwiritsidwa ntchito makampani mankhwala mankhwala ndi. Kupanga zitsulo za magalimoto zambiri ntchito halogen. Kuwala - izi ndi imodzi mwa mbali. Qualitatively kusankha mfundo gawo ili la makina n'kofunika kwambiri, monga nyali pounikira njira usiku, ndi njira ya kupeza inu ndi ziziyenda ena. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zabwino gulu kulenga nyali xenon ankaona. Halogen koma pang'ono otsika quality kwa mpweya inert.

kampira zabwino - ndi fluorine, ndi zowonjezera amagwiritsidwa kwambiri kupanga otsukira mano. Zimathandiza kupewa pakutchulidwa matenda mano - caries mano.

Chotero mchitidwe-halogen monga chlorine (cl), amaona tanthauzo lake pokonza HCl, amagwilitsidwa ntchito kaphatikizidwe zinthu organic monga ngati. D. pulasitiki, labala, ulusi kupanga, utoto, ndi solvents ndi Komanso mankhwala chlorine ntchito ngati oyeretsa wothandizila fulakesi ndi thonje chuma, pepala, ndipo monga njira kulamulira mabakiteriya mu madzi akumwa.

Chenjezo! Poizoni!

Polingalira za reactivity wapatali wa halogens moyenerera amatchedwa poizoni. Izi bwino kwambiri mphamvu kuti agwirizane zimene m'kukoma fluorine. Halogens yolimba ndi lokhuthala lolepheretsa anthu kupuma katundu angathe kuchita mogwirizana minofu.

Fluoride awiriawiri ndipo aerosols ndi chimodzi cha mitundu yambiri yoopsa ya halogen zovulaza ena zamoyo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti iwo bwino pozindikira ndi fungo ndi kumva yekha kufika woipa mkulu.

Polongosola mwachidule

Monga tikuonera, ndi halogens ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya tebulo nthawi, iwo ndi katundu ambiri amasiyana makhalidwe thupi ndi mankhwala, kapangidwe atomiki, mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi luso kuchita ndi zitsulo ndipo sanali zitsulo. makampani amagwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana njira, kuyambira zina mankhwala munthu ukhondo ndi kuthetsa zinthu kaphatikizidwe zimapangidwira organic kapena bleaches. Ngakhale kuti njira yabwino kwambiri kukhala ndi kulenga kuwala headlamp galimoto ndi xenon, halogen, koma si otsika ndipo alinso ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ndi ubwino yake.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa zomwe kampira. Crossword ndi mafunso okhudza zinthu izi simulinso choletsa.