Gross - ndichiyani? Kulemera, mlingo, ndalama, moyenera ndi chilinganizo aakulu

Kuti limapeza zikutanthauza chiyani? Kumasulira kwa Italy - wosauka, akhakula. Chifukwa chimene izo siziri chimodzimodzi mawu okoma ntchito m'madera zosiyanasiyana za m'moyo wathu? Ambiri ntchito ku mlandu ndi misonkho, makampani zoyendera ndi kutumiza, ngongole ndi inshuwalansi, ngakhale maganizo abwino a anthu, asayansi ayamba mawu. Kodi kuphatikiza onse a m'madera amenewa ndi liwu limodzi laling'ono si kumasulira zabwino kwambiri? Gross - ndichiyani?

Ndithu chabe, ambiri kufunika kuti zikuonekeratu kuti mau "akuluakulu", ndi yosiyana - yonyansa. Kuti anthu amene tikugwira dongosolo mlandu, ziwerengero kapena ntchito ya sayansi, kutenga ntchito nkhani, olemedwa ndi chilichonse yonyansa, deta zolakwika. Zikuoneka kuti Italy n'kopindulitsa mawu brutto, kungakhale mophiphiritsa, koma mpaka pano. Akukhulupirira kuti anam'bweretsera kamodzi mu matanthauzo mayiko wa amalonda Italy, kugawana kulemera kwa mitundu iwiri: ndi opanda ma CD (aakulu ndi ukonde). Tsopano m'dera Italian si ntchito brutto, ndi lordo.

sukulu

Kwa nthawi yoyamba timakumana ndi mawu awa kumeneko. Tikuuzidwa za kulemera aakulu ndi: kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza chimene chimapanga ndi mmene kuwerengera. Chifukwa cha dongosolo kubwereza zambiri kuchokera ku sukulu: kulemera, kapena m'malo kulemera, palibe kuposa Uwerenge kulemera kwa katundu (ukonde) ndi ma CD (muli). Ndi ndi Kuwonjezera zizindikiro ziwirizi ndi kwaiye aakulu. Ntchito losavuta anali kuwerengera popanda mankhwala ma CD. Mwachitsanzo, m'pofunika kuwerengetsa makilogalamu angati nthochi mu bokosi, ngati iye yekha akulemera kilogalamu imodzi, ndi kulemera okwana anayi. Kusekondale, ife amene afunsidwa mmene servings ambiri angathe kukonzekera kwa makilogalamu 3 mbatata, ngati gawo la -300 ga, ndi kuyeretsa 30% ya kulemera lalikulu? Zambiri masamu kukhala maganizo athu ndi ali okonzeka lalikulu ndi udindo ntchito, zomwe ife titenga, akutuluka mpanda wa sukulu ndi yunivesite.

malonda

Izi ndi malo akuti "malemeledwe" ntchito ndi liwiro zosaneneka. Katundu Atafika ku masitolo zogulitsa, ndi kubweretsa ma CD chidebe. Izi amasunga ulaliki, chifukwa yosungirako mosavuta. Koma kuti agulitse adzakhala opanda pallets ndi matabwa mabokosi! Kodi kuchita? Onse banal yosavuta. Pa kufika kwa katundu anaika otsala kulemera kochuluka. Kugulitsa adzakhala ukonde (ichi ndi tanthauzo anyamata, ndi antipode (ie ukonde kulemera)). Net zoipa aakulu namsongole kulemera adzatero.

Mwa njira, nthawi kulemera aakulu m'kaundula pa chizindikiro mankhwala pa ndime ndi kulemera ukonde. Koma kugula m'sitolo nkhuku mu poto (a ang'ono pulasitiki dengu), tikudziwa mmene akulemera mbalame yaing'ono, ndi mochuluka bwanji ndi pabedi lake. opanga ambiri salinso ntchito mawu akuti "akuluakulu" ndi kulemba payokha kulemera kwa katundu ndi namsongole kulemera / wazolongedza. Mwina, ndi zambiri yabwino malonda a.

sayansi

Kenako makampani kumene mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito, zosachepera kusukulu kapena shopu, ndi ntchito za sayansi. Maselo chilinganizo, komanso wazotsatira (zinachitikira - mu Greek), si kanthu koma njira yosonyezera zatsopano zothandiza pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro konsekonse losadziwika. Choncho liyenera kutsegula awo asayansi komanso kufotokoza chimene chinapezeka empirically.

ntchito mwachindunji mawu akuti ndi mu chuma, kumene mtengo ongolankhula a "kusintha" moona (wazotsatira). Mu umagwirira, atachita ndiyo njira kanthu koma njira kuzifotokoza pa kukula kwa mamolekyulu, osati structural kapena isometric. Zakuthambo mawuwa ntchito pankhani pamwamba mayeso anafotokoza, koma osati zikutsimikiziridwa ndi chiwerengero okwanira a mikangano. M'kupita kwa nthawi, izi wazotsatira (wazotsatira chilinganizo) 'kupeza "umboni m'munsi ndi m'malo mwa mitunduyi enieni.

kutumiza

Zombo ndi Kutumiza - chiyani pankhani imeneyi? Mwachionekere, pamene izo zifika katundu mu muli (CD), ndi zombo okha kochita ndi izo? Mu ntchito padziko lonse apanyanja mawu kutanthauza kulembetsa tonnage. chotengeracho adzakhala masamu mu tonnes chonse. Pankhaniyi ife sindikuyankhula za kulemera / kulemera, ndi pa voliyumu. chizindikiro ichi amatanthauza pamene tikukamba za kuchuluka okwana danga chotengera lonse. Kuti ndi aakulu m'kaundula tani ndiyofanana ndi kiyubiki mamita 2,83. mamita (100 Cu. LB).

malo renti

Ichi ndi gawo kuli koyenera, mawu akuti "akuluakulu" wina. M'nkhaniyi, ndi motere: ndi Malipilo okwana ntchito malo yobwereka ndi ndalama zofunikira. Kuti ndi muyezo funso ndi mwininyumba lendi (amene amalipira kuwala / mpweya / madzi?) Zingamvekere kosavuta (mu mgwirizano lili ndi kuchuluka aakulu?). Awatu ndi mwachidule, sichoncho?

inshuwalansi

Pali mfundo ina, amene anapanga kuchokera mawu brutto. Nthawi zambiri, chotero anawagwiritsa ntchito ndi kampani ya inshuwalansi pamene kuwerengetsa premiums inshuwalansi. Amapereka aakulu premiums munthu inshuwaransi pansi mgwirizano. ndalamazo ndi mlingo aakulu. Havayo, imakhala ukonde-mlingo ndi katundu. Mlingo wa mitundu ukonde penipeni imene inshuwaransi chochitika payout adzapatsidwa. Katundu Zikatero, imakhala ndalama zina, omwe akuyenera kulipira inshuwalansi kampani. Ziri kulankhula, amalipiritsa izi ndodo, malo, ntchito zaboma, ndipo, ndithudi, phindu. Chifukwa cha chimangirizo za banal inshuwalansi kampani linaŵerengera kuchuluka kwa malipiro pa zimenezi inshuwalansi mabanja ndi mabizinesi.

Cars ndi aakulu

Kodi izo zingakhale, ngati tikulankhula magalimoto? N'zoonekeratu za kulemera kwa galimoto ndipo popanda katundu, ndipo ngati izo ziri molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa amachotsera msonkho, ndiye? Mfundo yakuti kukula injini, kapena m'malo mphamvu yake phunziro kwa misonkho. The apamwamba zigoli, ndi apamwamba amalipiritsa zoyendera. Aliyense akudziwa!

Pakuti ambiri, mawu awa zingaoneke zodabwitsa, koma pali vuto, monga terminology ndipo ngakhale koposa choncho. Ngakhale chilungamo Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti mawu awa pafupifupi otha ake m'dziko lathu. kuti ena opanga mwachindunji injini mphamvu wokhudzika. Kutanthauza ntchito linatengedwa monga gulu maziko pa choyikapo, osati wolemedwa kulemera zipangizo zina mwa mawonekedwe a jenereta kapena coolant mpope. Kunena zoona, galimoto angachititse ntchito mphamvu zochepa peresenti 20-30. Chifukwa ndi malire olemekezeka, ndi zina zotero ndithu msonkho zoyendera. Kuthetsa mtundu uwu zolakwika, ukatswiri, ogwira oyenerera ayenera idzachitika zimasonyeza kuti mphamvu zimene zili aakulu, osati ngati ukonde ndipo malamulo.

malipiro

Malipilo ndi aakulu. Ndi chiyani icho? kugwirizana ndi kuti? Ndi yosavuta. Nthawi zambiri, mabwana pofuna kukopa anthu ogwira ntchito anafuulira chifukwa pa ntchito popanda misonkho mlandu. Ntchito Inde, amasangalala, koma kubwera tsiku lolandila malipiro, pamene chirichonse igwera mu malo. "Kumbali" inakhazikitsa kuchuluka zili zochepa kwambiri kusiyana analonjeza. Ndiko kuti, mu nkhani iyi, Malipilo ntchito - ukonde, ndi kuchuluka mwachindunji ndi abwana ake poyamba, - aakulu malipiro.

bwino

Mwa njira, kampani, mawu ntchito kuposa kale brutto zambiri. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa mwamsanga ntchito - analenga chikalata chuma (bwino ndalama ndi ndalama), imene imathandiza kuti muthe kulemba mfundo zolondola, kuti athe kuona chithunzi chonse cha zimene zikuchitika kampaniyo, kuchepetsa ndalama, kuwonjezeka phindu. Gross bwino imatengedwa "zonyansa" chifukwa muli nkhani yosonyeza avale ndi misozi, depreciation wa malo ndi zoyendera ndi zina zotero. D. ambiri zambiri, mtundu uwu bwino ntchito ntchito za sayansi kapena zowerengera. Zochita tsiku ndi tsiku, kupanga bwino ukonde.

Kuti m'pomveka kunena kuti aakulu bwino pepala gombe la, monga kuyenera muyezo wa bungwe lililonse analengedwa pang'ono mosiyana. Zikuyenera ntchito mofanana lipoti kulongosola, koma chiwerengero cha zolemba ndi zochepa (mu muyezo lalikulu la counterweight amene kwaiye gulu lililonse kapena ogwira), koma "chithunzi" cha zimene zikuchitika imasonyeza onse amalenga, titero, Muzipezanso Mapepala.

phindu

Gross revenues - si kanthu koma phindu okwana kupanga (ogwira), titero, aakulu. Zilibe kuganizira zinthu monga msonkho ndi malipiro, depreciation ndi zipangizo zoyendera. Chiwerengero chonse cha M'zigawo zonse ndi kukhala ndi ndalama aakulu. The phindu ukonde wa kampani Umboni bwino khoka, amene n'kukulemberani anapeza ukonde bwino.

anthu

mlandu Statistical wochititsidwa ndi kuwerengetsa chiŵerengero aakulu. Liwu limeneli silipezeka kutanthauza palibe kanjedza enieni, koma, ziri kulankhula, akumanga mapulani zabodza. alionse kuchita masamu ndi kachitidwe, koma zotsatira zake momveka bwino mmene mtsikana adzabereka atsikana (atsikana basi, osati anyamata), lomwe m'tsogolo adzakhala amayi ndi kutulutsa kubadwa kwa ana awo. Chiwerengerochi ndi makonzedwe kwambiri, kusonyeza pafupifupi m'malo a anthu, osati kutenga imfa nkhani. Tikumbukenso kuti mawerengedwe a ikuchitika mbali ziwiri: mlingo aakulu la kubalana ndi chonde-aakulu chiŵerengero.

PS

Kuchokera pamwamba Ndizachidziwikire kuti mawu chabe ya pulayimale pakuwonana koyamba, tanthauzo zoona, kungakhale zambiri succinct, ntchito kulongosola msonkho, makampani zoyendera ndi kutumiza, ngongole ndi inshuwalansi, ndipo ambiri Chofunika, molondola .

Tiyeni kubwereza kamodzinso osati mochuluka kufunika onse aakulu akuti, monga makampani ndi malangizo chimene mawu ntchito, ndipo zimenezi padziko lonse:

1. Kulemera kwa katundu chidebe.
2. Tonnage chotengera.
3. Gross phindu mabizinezi, mabanki, kampani ya inshuwalansi ndi zina zotero. D.
4. The bwino gulu (mbiri general).
5. Mtengo wonse wa umafunika lapansi.
6. Voliyumu ya injini ya galimoto.
7. Malipiro.
8. deta ongolankhula mu zophiphiritsa konsekonse losadziwika.
9. Yobwereka cha malo.
10. Mlandu mlingo kubadwa.
11. Science ndi maphunziro.