General maonekedwe a mabuku Russian kwa zaka za m'ma 19 (lalifupi)

XIX m'ma wafunsira ambiri aluso Russian olemba ndi ndakatulo. ntchito zawo mwamsanga anathyola mu chikhalidwe cha dziko natenga maganizo ake oyenera. Mphamvu ya ntchito yawo ndi mutu wa olemba ambiri padziko lonse. General maonekedwe a mabuku Russian kwa zaka za m'ma 19 wakhala mutu wa phunziro osiyana mu gawo zolembalemba. Mosakayikira, prerequisites kwa mofulumira zochitika chikhalidwe kudzachitika wolemera anatumikira monga zandale ndi chikhalidwe.

nkhani

mumaganiza Major luso ndiponso mabuku zooneka ndi zochitika m'mbiri. Ngati m'zaka XVIII moyo pagulu Russia anali ndi kuyeza, m'zaka lotsatira m'gulu vicissitudes zambiri zofunika zimene zagwira osati pofuna kukwaniritsa anthu ndi zandale komanso mapangidwe mumaganiza latsopano ndi malangizo mabuku.

Omveka zikuluzikulu zakale nthawi imeneyi inali nkhondo ndi Turkey, mliri wa asilikali Napoleon, ndi chilango chitsutso, chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom ndi zochitika zina zambiri. Onsewo zikugwirizananso ndi luso ndi chikhalidwe. General maonekedwe a mabuku Russian kwa zaka za m'ma 19 simungakhoze kuchita popanda kutchula chilengedwe cha malamulo atsopano stylistic. Inde luso akuti anali A. S. Pushkin. Ndi ntchito ake ayamba zaka zopambana.

chilankhulo zolembalemba

Chopereka yaikulu kwambiri Russian ndakatulo, anali cholengedwa a mitundu yatsopano ndakatulo, zipangizo stylistic ndi wapadera, poyamba makuponi ziwembu. Pushkin kukwaniritsa izi zinali zotheka kuyamika chitukuko mabuku ndi maphunziro kwambiri. Tsiku lina iye anauyamba kukwaniritsa mfundo zonse maphunziro. Ndipo anafika kwa zaka makumi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri. Atypical ndi watsopano nthawi imeneyo kukhala ngwazi za Pushkin. Chifanizo cha Tatyana Larina Chili kukongola, nzeru ndi mbali ya moyo Russian. Izi mtundu mabuku ofotokoza analogues wathu sipanatenge kale.

Kuyankha funso: "Kodi ndi khalidwe ambiri mabuku Russian kwa zaka za m'ma 19," Wina ndi osachepera Kudziŵako za philological, kumbukirani mayina monga Pushkin, Chekhov, Dostoevsky. Koma ndi mlembi "Evgeniya Onegina" anapanga kusintha mabuku Russian.

romanticism

Mfundo imeneyi unalembedwa pa kumadzulo akale yadzaoneni. Koma m'zaka za m'ma XIX izo amamuonera mithunzi latsopano. Wochokera ku Germany, romanticism atagonjetsa mu ntchito za olemba Russian. Mu prose malangizo amenewa amakonda kufunafuna amajambulapo maluwa okongola lachinsinsi ndi nthano wowerengeka. Ndakatulo unkagwiritsidwa chilakolako yosinthira miyoyo bwino, ndi apadera a Ngwazi anthu. Otsutsa gulu la Decembrists ndi mapeto momvetsa chisoni akhala chonde pansi ndakatulo.

makhalidwe General mabuku Russian kwa zaka za m'ma 19 zinali zodzaza ndi chikondi maganizo mu lyrics, omwe ndi ofala kwambiri ku ndakatulo ya Pushkin ndi ndakatulo zina za Way wake.

Koma prose, panali mitundu yatsopano ya ofotokozera, lomwe ndi mtundu wanyimbo wosangalatsa kwambiri. Zitsanzo chidwi chikondi prose - oyambirira ntchito Nikolaya Gogolya.

sentimentalism

Ndi chitukuko cha azimuth limayamba mabuku Russian kwa zaka za m'ma 19. General maonekedwe a prose chimatsogoleredwa - ndi sensibility ndi kutsindika pa maganizo owerenga a. Mu Russian mabuku sentimentalism analowa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII. The anayambitsa mwambo Russian mu mtundu wanyimbo adakhala Karamzin. M'zaka za m'ma XIX izo ndi anzake angapo otsatira.

The prose satirical

Inali pa nthawi iyi pali satirical ndi journalistic ntchito. Zotsatira unkagwiritsidwa makamaka Gogol. Kuyambira ntchito yake ndi malongosoledwe a dziko laling'ono, wolemba anasamukira ku nkhani zonse Russian chikhalidwe. N'zovuta kulingalira lero, ziribe kanthu chimene mbuye wa Zotengera mabuku Russian kwa zaka za m'ma 19. General maonekedwe a prose wake polemba chinenero ichi si view yovuta kwa kupusa ndi parasitism landlords. Satirist 'anayenda' mu pafupifupi onse zigawo za anthu.

A mwaluso za prose satirical anakhala buku "Golovlevs" anadzipereka ku mutu wa landlords njala yauzimu dziko. Kenako, tinachita Saltykov-Shchedrin, komanso ambiri mabuku ena satirist, anakhala mfundo kuyambira kwa zikamera cha Kuzindikira Socialist.

zimathandizadi buku

Mu theka lachiwiri la atumwi ndi chitukuko cha zimathandizadi prose. zolinga Achikondi alephera. Panali kufunika kwa kusonyeza dziko momwe izo ziliri kwenikweni. Dostoevsky ndi prose - mbali ya chinthu monga mabuku Russian kwa zaka za m'ma 19. General makhalidwe mwachidule ndi mndandanda wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa nthawi imeneyi ndi prerequisites kwa zikamera wa zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Pankhani ya prose moyenera Dostoevsky, akhoza yodziwika motere: nkhani komanso mabuku a wolemba anali zimachitika kuti maganizo ankakhalira zaka zimenezo m'deralo. Kufotokoza ntchito zake prototypes anthu ankadziwa adafuna kuthana ndi kuthetsa mavuto ambiri ofunika kwa anthu a m'dziko limene anasamukira.

M'zaka woyamba wa dziko kutamandidwa Mikhail Kutuzov, ndiye Decembrists chikondi. Izi bwino umboni ndi mabuku Russian m'zaka za m'ma 19. General makhalidwe a zaka za m'ma, ikugwirizana mawu ochepa. Izi kuunika mofatsa makhalidwe. Patsogolo osati zochitika za mtundu wonse ndi Mkhristu aliyense payekha. Choncho maonekedwe mu prose chifanizo cha "munthu superfluous".

wowerengeka ndakatulo

Mu zaka pamene buku zimathandizadi anatenga udindo kutsogolera, ndakatulo anaphwa. General makhalidwe a chitukuko mabuku Russian kwa zaka za m'ma 19 limachititsa mme- kutali ndi ndakatulo dreamy kuti zoona buku. Mu chikhalidwe ichi amalenga ntchito yake namatetule Nekrasov. Koma ntchito yake Sitinganene kuti zimachitika munthu wa Mitundu ya otsogolera nthawi anati. Author ogwirizana mu ndakatuloyi wake Mitundu zingapo: wamba, zozizwitsa, chosintha.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma

Pa kumadzulo XIX m'ma mmodzi wa Ambiri Werengani olemba anakhala Chekhov. Ngakhale kuti poyamba njira kulenga wolemba otsutsa zimanenedwa kuti ndi ozizira mitu panopa chikhalidwe, ntchito zake podziwa kuti wosatsutsika kuzindikira chikhalidwe. Kupitiriza kukhala ndi chithunzithunzi cha "munthu pang'ono", analenga zambiri Pushkin, Chekhov anaphunzira moyo Russian. Osiyana ndi akatswiri andale malingaliro amene anayamba mu m'ma XIX, osati sakanakhoza bwanji miyoyo ya anthu.

Mu mabuku patapita nthawi kulamulidwa ndi maganizo chosintha za m'ma XIX. Mwa olemba ntchito amene anali kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma, mmodzi wa umunthu kwambiri anali limakhulupirira Gorky.

General maonekedwe a mabuku Russian cha m'ma 19 kuliganizira kwambiri. Lililonse nthumwi yaikulu ya nthawi imeneyi analenga dziko lake luso otchuka amene akulakalaka zosatheka kumenyana zoipa chikhalidwe, kapena anakumana ndi tsoka yaing'ono. Ndipo ntchito yaikulu ya olemba ndi kusonyeza zenizeni za m'ma, wolemera mu zochitika za ndale komanso.