Galasi khwatsi: limatchula za ulimi, GOST. Kuwala khwatsi galasi: kugwiritsa ntchito

Galasi - mmodzi wa zipangizo wamkulu, amene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu madera onse a zikomo othandiza zochita za anthu ndi ya makhalidwe zothandiza ndi katundu. Asanabwere ake (oposa 5 zikwi. Zaka), mankhwala chilinganizo ake wakhala pafupifupi chimodzimodzi, koma ubwino wake zasintha.

khwatsi galasi

Kwa zaka zambiri, munthu wafuna kuti kulenga galasi mandala ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zowononga. Chifukwa cha kusintha akulimbana anaonekera khwatsi galasi - mtundu zatsopano zakuthupi ndi makhalidwe zokhudza chikumbumtima. Mwina chikho adzaona malangizo a pofuna anthu. Khwatsi galasi - mankhwala kusungunuka okusayidi koyera pakachitsulo (SiO _2). Mosiyana ndi galasi wamba, nkhaniyi ndi boma amorphous, i.e. alibe yeniyeni limatsogolera kutentha ndi pamene usavutike ku olimba kuti anapeza madzi boma pang'onopang'ono. Makamaka chifukwa katundu uyu wa khwatsi kapena silika, galasi anapeza ngati ntchito lonse makampani.

Kapangidwe ka galasi khwatsi

zakuthupi Amorphous chifukwa matabwa ake, ozikidwa pa pakachitsulo-mpweya tetrahedra. Mamolekyulu SiO ₂ "kulankhula" ndi mzake chifukwa maatomu mwagwirizana kukopa oxygen. Pamodzi kupanga gululi atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena, ngakhale kuti okhwima kuti wachibale wina ndi mzake ndi kuti Yehova sangapezeke mwa dongosolo maselo. N'chifukwa chake khwatsi galasi ndi katundu zipangizo amorphous.

A galasi silicate, mwachizolowezi, umatulutsa kusungunuka ndi feedstock. Monga angagwiritsidwe ntchito koyera silika - rhinestone, mtsempha khwatsi, mchenga silika, ndi silika analandira kudzera yokumba.

Kusiyana kwa ochiritsira galasi silika

Malinga mtundu wa zipangizo ndi kudziwa zina zimatha chomaliza mankhwala. Choncho, kupeza chuma krustalo ndi poyela ntchito rhinestone.

Chachikulu kusiyana kwa ochiritsira galasi silicate mkulu limatsogolera kutentha - ¹⁵⁰⁰ C. Pamene okusayidi izi pakachitsulo akuyamba zimatulutsa kwambiri kuwala cheza mu sipekitiramu looneka i.e. glows.

Chifukwa kapangidwe amorphous wa zopangira ndondomeko limatsogolera akhoza kutenga nthawi yaitali. The zikuchokera osungunula ali ndi kukhuthala mkulu, zomwe zimachititsa kuti staplivat kapena kusuntha. Izi complicates kupanga wa khwatsi galasi ndi chimodzimodzi khoma makulidwe.

kupanga Features

Polingalira za mbali zonse pamwamba yopanga galasi silicate n'chotheka pa zida apadera. Mu kutentha limatsogolera iyenela mkulu, ndi kulenga glassware lotseguka lawi ndege m'pofunika kukhala kutentha ^kwa 1800 C ndi pamwamba.

amafuna wapadera ndi malo - ziyenera kukhala wosabala. A pang'ono particles yachilendo n'kogwiritsa chakuti yomalizidwa khwatsi galasi losweka ndi kutaya katundu wawo mu nthawi yochepa. makhalidwe Special ndipo tiyenera ndodo kupanga - glassmakers. Iwo ayenera kulimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri mkulu - kulakwitsa kumodzi pa ntchito kungachititse kuti kuvulala kwambiri, amayaka.

waukulu glassblower zida zonse zopezeka kutentha zosagwira - lubwe, tungsten, amene Inter zina zotere, ndi kulemera mkulu. Choncho, antchito ayenera kukhala amphamvu ndi Hardy.

The katundu wa galasi khwatsi

Silicate magalasi ali otsika magetsi madutsidwe, moti anthu amangonena ntchito ngati dielectric mu zipangizo zamagetsi kovuta. Waukulu opindulitsa katundu, ndi amene khwatsi galasi zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu:

1. Matenthedwe. Kukana kuti kutentha ^(m'ma 1200 C), mkulu koyefishienti cha kuwonjezedwa matenthedwe (nthawi 15 kuposa cha galasi wamba) kuposa chifukwa cha kukana kusinthasintha mwadzidzidzi kwambiri kutentha (kupanga ayezi madzi utakhazikika mtsinje).
2. Mankhwala. Galasi mankhwala ndale, kodi samva ndi alkalies onse ndi zidulo kupatula asidi phosphoric acid hydrofluoric (zimene akuyamba pa kutentha pamwamba ^za 300 C).
3. Kuwala. The refractive index galasi silika nthawi 150 poyerekeza wa ochiritsira (n _mauthenga = 1,46). Chifukwa ichi mwangwiro transmits osati dzuwa ndi kuwala wamba, koma kusunga cheza aliyense infuraredi kapena ultraviolet.

katundu izi kulola ntchito magalasi khwatsi monga chuma nyumba, komanso kuti yopanga zasayansi glassware, zida kuwala, zamagetsi, kutentha zosagwira zipangizo refractory. Limodzi mwa madera chachikulu cha ntchito - kupanga ulusi kuwala.

Kuwala galasi khwatsi

Malinga ndi luso ntchito popanga khwatsi galasi kungakhale opaque ndi poyela. Mbali yoyamba akuphatikizapo azipereka ambiri thovu gasi, amene kumwaza kuwala kwambiri. Chotsani galasi, khwatsi galasi kapena kuwala, monga iwo ukutchedwa, ndi homogeneous mwamtheradi, lilibe thovu iliyonse. Zikomo nkhani makamaka ntchito kupanga zingwe kuwala, deta kufala mkulu-liwiro, magalasi kuwala ndi prisms.

Brand ndi mndandanda wa galasi kuwala

Pali zopangidwa angapo galasi kuwala: Ku-1, KI, ndi HF. mankhwala amasiyana luso pochitika zooneka, ultraviolet ndi cheza infuraredi. Ndi kwambiri galasi mtundu CI - izo amatha kupatsira kuwala pa timaganiza za 2600-2800 nm, kupatula mandala - HF. Malinga kufala feedstock ntchito zosiyanasiyana kuwala akhoza kukhala kuwala galasi khwatsi. GOST 15130-86 kakunena pa mndandanda zitatu:

• 0 - kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zinthu zachilendo opaleshoni;
• 100 - galasi, kugonjetsedwa ionizing cheza otsika mphamvu;
• 200 - ndi zipangizo zimene tingagwiritse ntchito pa zinthu kwambiri ionizing cheza.

Mark ndi galasi kupanga mndandanda wa katundu cipher. Amanena kuti opanga ndipo amati mtundu wa galasi. Mu dziko lathu, palibe dongosolo kubisa wosakwatiwa, moti aliyense kampani akuimira zinthu zawo monga mwa chidziwitso chawo.

dera ntchito

Silicate galasi opangidwa ambiri zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Maphunziro ndi mafakitale Laboratories kufunika khwatsi galasi chubu, amene ntchito choyezera madzi mlingo, kupanga heaters magetsi, zochita mankhwala ndi kusunga zinthu zachiwawa.

Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito yopanga munalandira ndi opaque galasi. Izo ntchito n'kofunika kutero kulamulira mankhwala madzi pa kutentha ndi, chifukwa mtengo wake otsika, umagwiritsidwa kwambiri.

Kuwala galasi ntchito shipbuilding ndi roketi kupanga, makamaka kupanga zipangizo kuyatsa. Makampani petrochemical, zinthu izi ofunika mkulu mankhwala ake kukana ndipo ntchito pofuna kuchepetsa madzi zikuwononga. ndegeyo ali Khoma kanyumba, ndipo ntchito ngati kutchinjiriza matenthedwe.

Opanga mankhwala anapanga malinga ndi zimene GOST 22291-83. Khwatsi galasi timachubu, mawindo, prisms, magalasi, ndiponso mankhwala ena anapanga misa ndi maziko payekha.