Amene anamanga Cathedral wa Annunciation mu Moscow?

Kuti tiyankhe funso la amene anamanga Cathedral wa Annunciation, ndi zovuta. pali maganizo osiyanasiyana pa nkhani imeneyi. Mu mafotokozedwe a tchalitchi yoperekedwa kwa zaka za m'ma 19, mwambo lasindikizidwa (osati anatsimikizira Komabe, zina) kumanga mu 1291 mpingo matabwa a Annunciation wa Andreem Aleksandrovichem, kalonga ndi mwana wa Aleksandra Nevskogo. Kuyambira pa nthawi imeneyo kunali bwalo kalonga, onetsetsani kuti ayenera kukhala kachisi anali kumangidwa ku Moscow. Choncho panali Annunciation Cathedral wa boma la Russia. Photo kwa nyumba maonekedwe m'nkhani ino.

maganizo osiyana

Komabe, otchula Cathedral wa Annunciation mu 1397 yekha kuwonekera mbiri Russian monga Byzantium kwa Moscow, chizindikirochi anabweretsedwa mu dzina la "Khristu rizitse woyera." Akatswiri Choncho anasankha yomanga nyumba mwala a tchalitchi cha kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 14. Iwo anali pachibwenzi 1397 kapena chaka (Zabelin, Izvekov) kapena 1393 chaka (Skvortsov, Krasovsky).

Chifukwa cha mfundo yachiwiri deti zitsulo kuti Mfumukazi Evdokia unakhazikitsidwa mu 1395 mpingo wa Kubadwa kwa Yesu wa Lady athu (nyumba). Iye akhapidziwa kuti pang'ono patsogolo akaonekera kachisi kalonga. Mu 1405, monga mwa mbiri, mpingo anayamba kujambula mbuye Feofan Grechin, "mkuluyo ku Gorodets" Prokhor ndi Andrei Rublev. Tinamaliza mu chaka chomwecho.

Pomanga mwala tchalitchi

Aonekera 1416, mbiri yatsopano, kutanthauza kuti chilengedwe cha mpingo mwala wa Annunciation pa 18 July.

umboni wina wa chipilala izi zachokera kukonzanso a boma la Russia gulu loyimba, kumene kunachitika kumayambiriro kwa zaka 16-17. Bookmark nyumba yatsopano a tchalitchi zinachitika pa May 6, 1484. Ivan III pomanga analamula kuti hema pafupi ndi nyumba yachifumu Kalonga kwa confessor wake, kuti iye anali limodzi ku kachisi. zaka 5 Pambuyo pake, mu 1489 (9 August), mpingo watsopano anali opatulidwira Metropolitan Gerontius.

Ivan III m'zaka 15 mochedwa anayamba kumanga yogona zazikulu za kalonga. Omangika pa nthawi makoma atsopano a boma la Russia, Akukwera ndi Annunciation Cathedral. Mapulani Myshkin ndi Krivtsov, amene anamanga Akukwera, anavutika Komabe, analephera. The kuyesa koyamba mwa iwo, anaona kuti makoma a nyumbayi pamene chivomerezi lidawonongeka.

Pskov ambuye

Ndipo komabe, amene anamanga Cathedral wa Annunciation chiyani? Chief wamanga wa dzina sitikudziwa. Komabe, malinga ndi kulembamo wina mbiri, mu 1474, n'zotheka kuweruza wakumanga Annunciation Cathedral (mwala) Pskov ambuye. Pakati pa nyumba zina zimene zalembedwa mu nzeru izi, anasunga Dukhovskaya (Utatu m'mbiri ya mpingo), komanso mafunsidwe a Robe, umene uli boma la Russia. Mu onsewo pali zinthu zapadera zimene kusiyanitsa ndi Pskov zomangamanga: mizati, lalikulu dongosolo, arches apamwamba. Mukhoza adzaweruzidwa pa maziko a deta za amene anamanga Cathedral wa Annunciation lapansi. Iwo anali ambuye wa Pskov. Komabe, palinso zinthu rannemoskovskogo: makonde kuti keeled mawonekedwe ndipo makomawo chokongoletsedwa ndi lamba wokonzedwa. Choncho, kunena motsimikiza za amene anamanga Cathedral wa Annunciation, ife sitingakhoze. Iye anali Komanso, kukhala a njerwa, ngakhale zinthu zofunikira pomanga Pskov panthawiyo anali mwala woyera. Choncho, ngakhale kuti ambiri ofufuza amanena Annunciation Cathedral mu nyumba ya Pskov, ena amaona kuti chilengedwe wa ambuye Moscow.

Cathedral wa Annunciation lero

Lero Cathedral wa Annunciation mu Moscow tichipeza zigawo zitatu, omwe adamangidwa pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Maziko a ndi mtanda ozungulira mpingo, chetyrehstolpny trehapsidny. Inamangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 15 mochedwa, chochuluka kubwereza dongosolo, komanso mwina miyeso ya kachisi, amene analipo kale, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma chomwecho. Kusiyana nyumba awiriwa chakuti mu kachisi patapita nthawi atazunguliridwa ndi zomera-khonde kumbali zonse. Iye akhapidziwa kuti onse a iwo, kupatula kum'mawa, zinalengedwa pamodzi ndi aphungu ake, koma iwo anali otsegula mpaka cha m'ma 16. Research zokhudzana ndi zaka 60-TH cha m'ma 20 kusonyeza kuti anawasema wa tambirimbiri kumadzulo ndi kumpoto anaika mu njerwa mofanana tchalitchi. Pa mfundo imeneyi, tikhoza kuganiza kuti ali pafupi nthawi kapena munthawi yomweyo khamu lalikulu kachisi. Kwa iye m'mphepete kum'mawa kwa Exchequer, yomwe inamangidwa pamodzi ndi aphungu ake, ndipo m'zaka za zana 18 anagwetsa.

Cathedral amakhala nayini

Annunciation Cathedral mu Moscow poyamba korona mitu itatu - awiri inali pa ngodya kum'mawa ntchito yomanga ndi chimodzi - pakati. The anawasema wa tambirimbiri mu theka lachiwiri la zana la 16 zinali zakuti m'matchalitchi anayi, amene anali mutu. Komanso, inanso iwiri akhala anawonjezera kuti chochuluka. Cathedral anadzakhala naini. Choncho anali opangidwa ndi chapakati pyramidal mutu ndi mutu timipata. Kokoshniki komanso kutsindika muyezo wake zakomars oyenerera pa ng'oma chapakati. Chapakati mutu mu 1508 anali gilded, ndipo kenako mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 16, zinachitika ndi ena asanu ndi anayi. Denga komanso chidafundidwa mkuwa gilded. Cathedral chifukwa icho chinali kutchedwa "Golden-ozungulira". Chifaniziro cha Mariya Namwali Wodalitsidwa likuimira nayini - naini msilikali wa angelo ndi oyera kumwamba.

Features wa Annunciation Cathedral

Pa kukula kwa Annunciation Cathedral wa boma la Russia yaing'ono. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti anafuna kwenikweni kwa banja Prince. Poyamba a mizati kum'mawa kwa iconostasis wa Annunciation Cathedral, amene anali yekha pang'ono poyerekeza amene alipo. Zamzere kufanana vertikalizm chimasiyanitsa malo wofunika. Izi ndi mkulu ng'oma, chishalo-girth analowa arches. Ofukula kayendedwe itakula kuyatsa. Iwo anali amabisika ndi gawo pansi ndi mtsinje pamwamba pa kuwala kuthira ku mazenera a ng'oma ndi.

Mu dera la kumadzulo pali makolasi wokwanira kudalira arches chachikulu otsika. chipangizo awo kwa zaka za m'ma 15. kale chachikale chinkawavuta. Mosakayika, ndi ntchito ya kumanga kachisi monga banja. N'zotheka kuti ndi chifukwa mtima wofuna kukonza dongosolo limene anali kumanga m'mbuyomu. Amagwiritsidwanso ankaganiza (cha m'ma 19) kuti makolasi ankafuna kuti akuluakulu a banja lachifumu pa Kulambira. Komabe, anapezeka kuti iwo anali kale anapambulwa khoma kutalika pafupifupi mamita awiri, ndi makulidwe a njerwa awiri. Makwaya anakhala kotero pa malo chatsekedwa, lomwe kuti mapemphero kumva sanali abwino. M'posavuta, akhoza adzaikidwa mbali-m'matchalitchi. Awiri sitiroko patsogolo kwa iwo: mwauzimu staircase kuchokera pansi pa ngodya chakumadzulo kwa nyumbayi, yomwe inali mkati mwa zomangamanga ndi; komanso mwachindunji ku nyumba yachifumu, amene apuma pa Chipilala cha.

khonde

pomanga tchalitchi pomanga kuchokera kumbali zonse ankakhala ndi makumbi. Sizinathe mokwanira anaphunzira maonekedwe awo oyambirira, ndipo nthawi yatsoka. East (pamodzi ndi Exchequer) anali zidutswa, ndi kum'mwera wataya pafupifupi mwathunthu tione pachiyambi. Khonde, chokongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli, kumabweretsa khonde kum'mwera. Icho chiri, malinga ndi nthano, inamangidwa chifukwa Ivan m'khutu, monga mmodzi m'banja chachinayi akumanidwa ufulu kupezeka mu mpingo, nalamulira kuti angagwirizanitse kumanga khonde, umene unali pa nthawi ya utumiki.

Pansi ndi khonde

Mwambo zikugwirizana ndi Ivan kowopsa ngati maonekedwe a pansi, kukupitirirabe masiku ano. Amakhala midadada yaing'ono interspersed ndi pakachitsulo Jasper ndi sibu. Akukhulupirira kuti kugonana anabweretsedwa kuchokera Rostov Wamkulu amene mfumu, kumene iye anali kamodzi Byzantium. Khonde, amene amanyalanyaza dera la kumpoto-kum'mawa, panali mwambo wapadera. Pamene kuchepetsa mu 1564 yopemphereramo anali kumanga kulimbitsa ziwembu anabweretsa mizati, kotero anasowa mitundu wakale. Khumbi poyamba anali ofanana ndi kum'mwera, zinali zosavuta. The arches a anali mothandizidwa ndi mzati ndi mitu chosema. Mu zipilala wandiweyani anasunga mmodzi wa iwo. makwerero anali anamanganso - chinali pachiyambi steeper ndi waufupi.

Kachisi ndi makonde makumbi kutsogolera. Kumadzulo ndi kumpoto anaphedwa ndi carvers Italy. South pa limasinthira mu 1836, khonde kum'mwera anawonongedwa anamanganso mu 1949, a zotsala kupulumuka.

Cathedral kupenta

Vasily III, chachikulu kalonga, amene anali wolandira Ivan III analamula kumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro wa splendidly kukongoletsa zithunzi za Cathedral siliva ndi golide chimango ndi kujambula izo. Pali nkhambakamwa kuti tchalitchi unasamutsidwa zithunzi Andreya Rubleva (a zakale zamitengo) ndipo anadzazidwa ndi chithunzi chatsopano pa chitsanzo yeniyeni ya kale. Fedor Edikeev kuchita ntchito imeneyi.

Iwo anatuluka khonde mu mural zithunzi kupenta a anzeru zosiyanasiyana wakale Greek, anali asanabadwe kubadwa kwa Khristu (Socrates, Plato, Plutarch, Zeno, Ptolemy, Thucydides, Aristotle) ndi mipukutu pa manja awo, amene ali mawu pafupi malingaliro Mkhristu. About kupenta iyi pali Mabaibulo ambiri. Malinga ndi mmodzi wa iwo, luso ili Fedor Edikeeva. Ena amakhulupirira kuti poyamba mu Russia metropolitans sanali Agiriki ndi kubadwa ndi kulemekezedwa anamatetule wake woyera, osati Mkhristu.

Shrine ya Annunciation Cathedral

zotsalira ambiri anali mu Cathedral wa Annunciation lapansi. Chifaniziro cha Annunciation, ndi rarest a mtundu wake iconographic anapangidwa pa khoma la kachisi. Izi zinasonyeza kuti mwambo kum'maŵa, chimene Namwali Wodalitsidwa anali Angelo Gabriel Pachitsime ku Nazareti ndipo ananka naye uthenga wabwino umene adzakhala ndi Mpulumutsi.

Chifanizo cha Mpulumutsi Wachisoni anali mu khonde a tchalitchi. Malinga ndi nthano anthu kwa iye wolemekezeka wina analandira thandizo zodabwitsa. Munthu uyu, mkwiyo navlekshy mfumu pa yekha chifukwa cha pemphero kubwerera kwa utumiki, ndi chikhululukiro. Pambuyo pake, anthu kulindira chifundo ndi uthenga wabwino, anabwera kwa fano.

Ndinapitiriza pano ndi Don chithunzi cha Namwali Wodalitsidwa, amene pambuyo Nkhondo ya Kulikov unaperekedwa kwa wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy. Wake anadalitsa njira imeneyi, malinga ndi nthano, Sergiy Radonezhsky. Polemekeza chizindikiro cha m'ma 17 linamangidwa Donskoy ansembe yotchedwa mu Moscow. Panopa mu Tretyakov Gallery.

The Cathedral ndi boma la Russia chimes

Mbiri ya mabelu mu boma la Russia komanso akuyamba ndi Annunciation Cathedral. Moscow anali woyamba kupeza mwamsanga 1404 nthawi yeniyeni. Ndiye Lazar Serbin, wansembe wa Athos, mtengo (yakale) Cathedral wa Annunciation anaika pa nsanja ya wotchi nyumba yachifumu, ora lirilonse kamenyedwe ka nyundo m'pamene nthawi. Mu 1624, ambuye Russian Shumilo ndi Zhdanov, ndi Hristofor Galovey (England) pa Spasskaya Tower anaika mbuye wotchi m'dziko lathu.

Mu 1917, mu November, ndi Moscow Cathedral wa Annunciation anali lowonongeka pa shelling. khonde lake anawonongedwa ndi likule. Nditabwerera ku Moscow Bolshevik nyumba boma chinatsekedwa. Tsopano m'gawo limene Annunciation Cathedral, nyumbayi ili. Iwo akhoza kufika kwa boma la Russia, ulendo wa. Komabe nthawi zina, anachititsa msonkhano, chifukwa malo oyera. Cathedral wa Annunciation April 7 (1993) akuyendera kholo la Moscow ndi onse Russia. deti limeneli chikondwerero phwando la Annunciation lapansi. Kholo lakale amachita utumiki apa.