French zachuma Jean-Baptiste Nena: yonena kafukufuku. "Treatise on Economy Political"

Jean-Baptiste Nena chithunzi chimene Adzaperekedwa m'nkhani, ndi chimodzi mwa otsatira olemekezeka kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso cha Adam Smith. chiwerengerochi absolutized lingaliro la limagwirira mowiriza yosamalira zinthu msika. Taonani kusiyana wotchuka Jean-Baptiste Nena.

yonena

Anabadwa chithunzi January 5, 1767 ku Lyon, mu banja la wamalonda, ndi zolemba, kuti kumapereka lingaliro kuti ali mbali monga luso entrepreneurial. Zhan Batist Sey, pambuyo kupeza nthawi zokwanira pochimanga, nasenza kudziletsa maphunziro. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye anakopeka ndi mfundo Smith. The malangizo waukulu chidwi chinali chuma ndale. Mu Pophunzira chilango anawerenga ntchito Smith "chuma cha Nations." Mfundo kulengezedwa ntchito akanayenera anawonjezera osati phindu lonse la France, koma padziko lonse lapansi - kotero ndinaganiza Jean-Baptiste Nena. Economic maganizo chithunzi anayamba mokulirapo mchikakamizo cha zochitika za 18 mochedwa - oyambirira 19 zaka. A mbali yofunika nyimbo ndi ulendo wake wopita ku England. Mu dziko lino, mosiyana France, patsogolo anayamba kutuluka ntchito osati zaulimi ndi mafakitale.

Yambani ntchito

Kubwerera mu 1789 ku England, sunagoge alowa inshuwalansi kampani. Kumeneko iye anakhala mlembi wa Claviere, amene adzakhala nduna ya zachuma. Dziwani kuti boma lotsatira kuphunzira pa nthawi, "chuma cha Nations" Smith. Patatha zaka 3, Jean-Baptiste Nena ndi pafupi ndi Jacobins, anatumiza yodzipereka ku asilikali a boma. M'chaka cha 1794 TH amasiya kutumikira, iye anakhala mkonzi wa magaziniyo Paris ndi ntchito mpaka TH 1799. ufulu ndi zochokera kwa iye, ziyenera kuweruza ntchito m'boma mu gawo zachuma achititsa kuti mofulumira ndi bwino ntchito yake mu Komiti ya Khoti Finance. zinachitikira zothandiza boma bwino kwambiri zikuchitika sayansi, pamodzi ndi maganizo a lingaliro Smith wakhala mosakayikira chinathandiza kulemba ntchito zawo pa maziko a chiphunzitso cha kutukula chuma chikhalidwe.

Jean-Baptiste Nena: "A lonena za chuma ndale"

Ntchito imeneyi ali ndi digiri wamkulu kwambiri m'dziko. Mu zaka za m'ma 18 ku France anayamba kutuluka, ndipo posakhalitsa anakhala wotchuka kwambiri Physiocratic chiphunzitso. Iwo anapitiriza zatenga ndi udindo waukulu mu chuma cha dziko, ngakhale kuti ntchito yomasulira "chuma cha Nations" linasindikizidwa mu 1802. Kuthetsa olakwika muno ndikanangokhala Jean-Baptiste Nena. Mwachidule, buku lake anakhala mawu chabe njira imene mapangidwe, kugawa ndi kumwa chuma. ntchito iyi yokha koyamba mobwerezabwereza ndipo ankati maganizo a Smith. Pambuyo kwa buku lenilenilo, Jean-Baptiste Nena ndi anzake ku England kupitiriza kusintha ntchito imeneyi. Buku kakusintha zowonjezera ambiri ndipo limasinthira. Pamene ntchito amakhala buku unachitikira kasanu. Ntchito pa izo chasanduka mu nkhani yabwino kwa nthawi.

Mfundo za njira ya

Jean-Baptiste Nena, ngati zapamwamba zina, zochokera mfundo zake pa nkhani ya sayansi yeniyeni. Mwachitsanzo, mu sayansi walandiridwa monga chitsanzo. Mu mbali methodological zikutanthauza siyana kuzindikira, malamulo ndiponso mfundo zimenezi ndi tanthauzo lalikulu ndi chilengedwe. Pamodzi ndi uwu, malinga ndi mfundo Nena chuma ndale ndi ntchito ngati chodabwitsa ongolankhula lofotokoza. Chithunzi mosayang'anira analandira za msika free, zoweta ndi achilendo malonda, mitengo, mpikisano malire ndipo sanali ngakhale mawonetseredwe pang'ono protectionism. Iye anawuka lingaliro la udindo mtheradi. Pamene mukutengera Concept Nena chitsimikizo anthu cholinga kuwonongedwa kwa overproduction, underconsumption. Kuti zoona, analamulira zingatheke mavuto mu malingaliro awo.

Chiphunzitso cha kubalana

Mu mbiri ya chiphunzitso zachuma dzina la Nena kawirikawiri kugwirizana ndi chithunzi cha wasayansi amene akhulupilira mu chiyanjano cha zofuna za makalasi osiyanasiyana zinthu msika. Iye analalikira kwa malangizo ake ovomerezeka Smith mwini-malamulo chuma. Izo ziyenera ananena kuti podzudzula maganizo atapereka ndi Jean-Baptiste Nena, ngakhale ambiri akuyesetsa kuti atsutse umunthu wawo osiyana, unakhalabe inconclusive zaka zambiri. lingaliro ili la polojekiti chifukwa zinthu zitatu. Woyamba "chilengedwe," Smith adafotokoza kusinthasintha malipiro ndi mitengo. Pamene mbali chabe ya zachuma kuwombola ntchito ndi zotsatira zake mwa mabungwe onse msika anali ndi matanthauzo opindulitsa. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, Jean-Baptiste Nena anati ndondomeko wina imangokhala zosavomerezeka. Kachiwiri, kachiwiri potengera maganizo a Smith, izo kumatha kusokonezedwa aliyense mu ntchito zachuma kunja. "Chilamulo Nena ndi" kuthandiza lamulo kuchepetsa ndi malamulo boma zida, kupeŵa protectionism. Komanso, mfundo progressiveness limaneneratu chitukuko ubale msika anthu pa maziko a zotsatira za sayansi kupita patsogolo ndi luso.

Akamanena za "lamulo"

Mpheroyi chakuti nkhani kenako mamembala onse a mtundu wa mfundo ya zachuma liberalism kotunga (kupanga) imautsa ndi kufunika chokwanira (mowa). Ndiko kuti, linanena bungwe adzakhala kupanga ndalama khola limene katundu amazigulitsa momasuka. Choncho "Chilamulo Nena" anali atazindikira mwa mbali zonse za maganizo a liberalism zachuma. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti mitengo ufulu ndi kusintha zinthu msika imautsa ayankhe pafupifupi yomweyo kuti kusintha mu mavuto azachuma. Zimenezi, adzakhala chitsimikizo wodzilamulira lamulo mu chuma. Ndipotu, ngati tingayerekezere Mwina ubale tsintho zimene ndalama zinthu okha monga kuwerengera mayunitsi, pamene kufunika okwana ndi wofanana ndi mtengo wa katundu yense kuti umasinthanitsidwa ndalama, chiwerengero overproduction zosatheka. Choncho m'pomveka ndi zoonekeratu mapeto Blaug. Iye anali wophweka malongosoledwe a chilamulo, chimene chinapangitsa Jean-Baptiste Nena - "mankhwala amalipidwa kwa mankhwala," - onse mu malonda achilendo ndi zoweta. Mfundo imeneyi anapanga kuwaza pa nthawi.

Karla Marksa wunika

chiwerengerochi kuziganizira yekha m'malo mwa malingaliro osati Smith, koma Ricardo. Karl Marx makamaka zikuchepa poyera lingaliro la otsiriza ndi anthu amene masomphenya a Nena pa ndikosatheka mavuto mu chuma. Iye anati kusapeŵeka kwa cyclical (nthawi) overproduction zochitika. Komanso, Marx ankaona zosayenera pofuna kuchiza mavuto azachuma ngati vuto la underconsumption. Pa yomweyo mabvuto chodabwitsa, malinga ndi udindo chi cilamulo, izo chifukwa si kwambiri ndipo osati malingaliro osadalirika a Nena, koma regularities wa prerequisites kwa zikamera cha zikhalidwe za mpikisano ungwiro, patsogolo ndi kugawa okhawo. Izi ndi maziko a ziphunzitso analipo a boma lamulo lero za gawo zachuma, khalidwe pamalo pa chitukuko.

Atatu zinthu za ulimi

malingaliro a zachuma Nena anali amapereka mwa njira inayake ndi zikugwirizananso ndi ntchito za Malthus. Mwachitsanzo, chiphunzitso zofala ndalama kupanga wake pafupi kwathunthu zochokera udindo wa atapereka kale. Choncho, sunagoge anapereka chiphunzitso cha zinthu zitatu kupanga: dziko, ntchito ndi likulu. Zimenezi, limasonyeza polarity wa anapezazo zinachititsa kuti otsatira a lingaliro Smith. Ngati Ricardo, Marx, utopians chikhalidwe, Sismondi, ndipo ambiri mafanizo ena monga gwero la mtengo wa mankhwala anazindikira ntchito, mbali ina ya otsatira monga gulu choyambirira analandira ndalama zimene zimaoneka mu ndondomeko ya ulimi wa njira (likulu), ntchito (ntchito) ndi rents ( lapansi), amene anali kuchita ndi wazamalonda. Jean-Baptiste Nena Malthus ndi mbali ya ndalama zawo malingaliro kupanga ndi mamembala ndalama za anthu aona mu kugwilira limodzi makampani ndi mwamtendere pakati opanga. Guulu la Smith ndi Ricardo anawona chiyambi cha phindu ndi lendi ngati deduction ku mtengo wa ogwira ntchito mphamvu ntchito likulu ndi kalasi chidani.

chiphunzitso cha mtengo

Poganizira nkhani izi Sei nazo zina za matanthauzo awo. Komabe, osati mobwerezabwereza maganizo Smith, monga ankachita nawo kufufuza mfundo zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, maziko a chiyembekezo kuti katundu nthawi zonse limodzi makhalidwe awiri - ogula ndi phindu kuwombola, sunagoge anapereka tanthauzo ubwenzi mtengo ndi zofunikira katundu wapadera. Pa nthawi yomweyo chidwi kwambiri Ankapereka kwa zinthu zitatu kupanga. Smith achilendo kutanthauzira kwa lingaliro panali chilinganizo chimene amapanga ogwira ntchito yolipidwa monga phindu, likulu - ndalama capitalists, dziko - eni kubwereka malo. Sei Choncho Mukalongosola zinthu izi ndi kufunika wodzilamulira mu mapangidwe atuluka.