Existentialist - ndi nzeru za existentialism ...

Philosophy aliko ali ndi malo apadera chitukuko chachikulu zana la 20. Izo zinachokera pamene pofuna kulenga zinthu zatsopano, wosiyana maganizo kukhala munthu ano. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti pafupifupi palibe anzeru sanali mwathunthu ndi existentialist. Pafupi kwambiri kwa lingaliro ili linali Sartre amene ayesetsa kugwirizanitsa maiko a chidziwitso chonse pamodzi mu ntchito yake yakuti "Existentialism - . Munthu umunthu" Kuphindula maganizo "ufulu" existentialist nzeru za dziko? Werengani pansipa.

Anavomereza nzeru woima wa existentialism

Kumapeto kwa zaka zao za sikisite anthu apeza nthawi yapadera. munthuyo ankamuona ngati chinthu chachikulu cha nzeru, koma anatenga malangizo watsopano chinyezimiro cha njira zamakono zakale zomwe zikhoza kuonetsa vuto limene ndinali kupita mu Europe nkhondo itatha, kupeza okha mavuto maganizo. Kufunika zayamba chifukwa kuona zotsatira za nkhondo, chuma, ndale ndi makhalidwe pansi. Existentialist - munthu amene amasonyeza masoka mbiri ndi kufunafuna malo kuonongeka kwawo. Ku Ulaya, existentialism mbe lenilenilo monga nzeru anali a mtundu wa mafunde yapamwamba chikhalidwe. Zimenezi anali anthu kwa mafani irrationalism.

History akuti

Tanthauzo la m'mbiri la liwu lokha kunayamba 1931, pamene Karl Jaspers anayambitsa mfundo nzeru existential. Anautchula mu ntchito yake yakuti "The vuto lauzimu la nthawi." The Chidanishi nzeru zapamwamba Kierkegaard dzina lake Jaspers anayambitsa panopa ndi anasankha izo mwanjira inayake umunthuwo. A zamaganizo odziwika ndi existential yamaganizo R. May anawona izo monga gulu chikhalidwe limene likuthandiza kwambiri mongotengeka maganizo ndi uzimu pa moyo wa umunthu osauka. Iwo akunena mphindi maganizo mu umene munthu minutely akufotokoza mavuto apadera, amene ali nawo.

The zili chiphunzitso

Existentialist nzeru zapamwamba kumukweza chiyambi cha ziphunzitso zake kuti Kierkegaard ndi Nietzsche. chiphunzitso amasonyeza mavuto a olekerera zamavuto, amene amadalira pamwamba patsogolo luso, koma moyo sangathe kuzindikira mawu samveka ndi kudzasokonezeka moyo. Adzatenge zonse kugonjetsa maganizo maganizo: kudzimva kuti chiyembekezo ndi mtima. Kwenikweni existential nzeru amenewa poyerekezera rationality, amene kumaonekera anachita zosiyana. Oyambitsa ndi otsatira kukangana malangizo a kugawa dziko mu cholinga ndi mbali zotengera malingaliridwe. Onse maonekedwe a moyo amaoneka kuti chinthu. Existentialist - ndi munthu amene amaona zinthu zonse, potengera umodzi wa zotengera malingaliridwe ndi cholinga lingaliro. Ganizo ili: Munthu ndi zomwe aganiza kuti mu dzikoli.

Kodi kumvetsa nokha

Existentialists kupereka kuzindikira munthu monga phunziro, amene anatembenuka mu vuto yovuta. Mwachitsanzo, kuona amapha mantha pa Mwina mkulu. Inali nthawi imeneyi kuzindikira lonse amakhala pafupi ndi munthu zenizeni. Amaganiza kuti ndi njira yoona ya kudziwa. Njira yaikulu kuwoloka kumka ku dziko lina ndi yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale.

Kuphindula maganizo "ufulu" existentialist za akatswiri

A malo apadera ndi nzeru za existentialism, anapereka chiphunzitso ndi yankho la vuto la ufulu. Amaona kusankha kotsimikizika munthu kuchokera miliyoni mwayi. zinthu ndi nyama nkhani alibe ufulu, chifukwa poyamba chofunikira. Pakuti munthu wapatsidwa moyo kufufuza ndi kumvetsa tanthauzo la moyo wawo. Choncho, munthu wololera aziyang'anila zinthu anachita ndi simungakhoze basi kulakwitsa potchula zinthu zina. nzeru ena Existentialist mukukhulupirira anthu nthawi zonse kukhala ntchito imene ufulu - ndi mphamvu ya kulekana kwa munthu ndi dziko. Lingaliro kutanthauziridwa mu mawu a "ufulu wakusankha", koma osati "ufulu mzimu." Ndi bwino angawauze wa munthu aliyense wamoyo. Koma anthu amene kamodzi osankhidwa, zagonjetsedwa kwa tanthauzo latsopano - Alamu kwa kulondola kwa zochita zake. bwalo wankhanza akuthamangitsa munthu mpaka kufika chatha kufika - kukwaniritsa zomwenso ake.

Ndani kumvetsetsa anayambitsa apano

Mae anapereka munthuyo monga njira ya chitukuko cha zonse, koma likusoŵa nthawi. Azungu makamaka pachimake amaona mphindi izi zinthu zambiri nkhawa, kutaya mtima ndi nkhondo nkhondoyi. Existentialist - munthu ndi udindo pamoyo wathu, maganizo ake, zochita zake kukhala. Izo ziyenera, ngati akufuna kukhalabe palokha munthu. Komanso, ayenera kuti m'maganizo ndi chidaliro kuti bwino zochita, mwinamwake akamanena za tsogolo lake adzakhala yoyenera khalidwe.

mbali khalidwe la nthumwi zonse existentialism

Ngakhale kuti ziphunzitso zosiyanasiyana amalowerera imprints ena pa nzeru za kulenga, pali zinthu zingapo zochititsa kuti ndi chibadidwe membala aliyense wa mumaganiza inalongosola:

• The original poyambira mzere wa chidziwitso - ndi ndondomeko zonse bwinobwino za zochita munthu. kukhala yekha akhoza kukuuzani zonse za munthu. Chikhazikitso cha chiphunzitso si lingaliro ambiri, ndi kusanthula anthu amene instantiated. Anthu okhawo amene akhoza kukambirana chakupezeka kwanu amazindikira ndipo ayenera kutero mosalekeza. Makamaka Heidegger anaumirira izo.
• Man wapeza moyo mu zenizeni wapadera, anatsindika m'mabuku ake Sartre. Iye ananena kuti palibe zolengedwa zina mulibe dziko ofanana. Pamaziko a maganizo ake, tinganene kuti anthu onse lotereli, kuzindikira ndi kumvetsa. zofuna yake yapadera kusanthula nthawi zonse.
• olemba Existentialist ntchito zake zonse kufotokoza akamanena za ndondomeko isanachitike moyo wabwinobwino. Camus Mwachitsanzo, kukangana kuti luso la moyo - ichi ndi mtengo zofunika kwambiri. Thupi la munthu amaona tanthauzo la malo awo pa Dziko Lapansi pa kukula ndi chitukuko, koma mapeto kuti amvetse tanthauzo lenileni. Ndipo kwa munthu aliyense njira iyi ndi wapadera. Zolinga ndi njira kukwaniritsa bwino wapamwamba ndi osiyana.
• Malinga Sartre, chifukwa kuli moyo la munthu si pano. "Iye anali ndi chifukwa nokha, kusankha kwanu ndi moyo wanu," - ukufalitsidwa existentialist nzeru za anthu. высказывания от идей других направлений философии в том, что как пройдет каждый жизненный этап человеческого развития - зависит от него самого. Mosiyana ndi ziganizo ku malingaliro a m'madera ena a nzeru imene yapita lililonse siteji moyo wa chitukuko anthu - zimatengera pa iye. Quality chikhalidwe adzamva anakhudzidwa ndi zochita zake kuti wachita kwa kukwaniritsa cholinga cha polojekitiyo.

• Kuli thupi, kuvekedwa ndi nzeru, unazunguliridwa mu kuphweka. Palibe chinsinsi monga zachilengedwe simungathe kudziwa mmene moyo wa munthu udzachitike, zimene malamulo, iye adzachita, ndipo kodi - palibe.
• Munthu yekha ayenera kudzaza moyo wanu ndi tanthauzo. Iye akhoza kusankha masomphenya ake a dziko, ndi kudzaza ndi malingaliro awo ndi kumasulira iwo mu chowonadi. Iye akhoza kuchita chirichonse chimene iye akufuna. Chimene ndicho iwo adafikira ku zimadalira kusankha yekha. Likupezeka kuti linakhalapo kwathunthu mmanja mwa munthu wololera.
• Эго. Existentialist - ndi cholinga. Akuti ku mawonedwe a mwayi zosaneneka aliyense.

Mosiyana ndi mamembala a magulu ena

Existentialist nzeru zapamwamba, mosiyana ophunzitsa kumbali ya m'madera ena (makamaka Marxism), anali mu mtima akusiya kufufuza wololera tanthauzo la zochitika m'mbiri. Sadapenya chifukwa kufunafuna patsogolo zimenezi.

Impact pa kutsitsimuka kwa anthu a m'ma 20

Popeza, anthu existentialist, motsutsana ndi Choonadi, sanafune kuona chitsanzo cha mbiri, iwo analibe cholinga kupambana ambiri nawo. Komabe, lingaliro la nzeru izi azimuth anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa anthu maganizo. Mfundo za moyo wa munthu monga munthu wapaulendo kubwera ndi chilengedwe ake woona, mzere wake wa khalidwe limodzi ndi anthu amene mwamtheradi tilibe maganizo amenewa.