Dziko Lachilendo Padziko Lonse. Mndandanda wa malo a UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Kwa nthawi yaitali anthu sankaganiza za zomwe angasiye kwa ana awo. Olamulira adalowetsedwa, zikhalidwe zonse zidapasuka, panalibe tsankho la iwo. Pambuyo pake anthu anayamba kukhala osamala komanso osungirako zojambulajambula, zokongola zokongola, zipilala zochititsa chidwi, ndi zina zotero. Pomalizira pake, anthu adatsimikiza kuti zinthu zamtengo wapatali ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa mndandanda wapadera. Lero, alendo omwe amawachezera awa kapena mayiko awo ali ndi chidwi ndi Dziko Lachilendo Padziko Lonse. Ntchito ya UNESCO yakhala yovuta kwambiri kuposa kale lonse.

World Heritage

Panthawi ina anthu adasokonezeka kuntchito zawo ndikuzindikira kufunikira koteteza zipilala zachilengedwe ndi zochitika zakale, zomera ndi zinyama. Cholinga chimenechi chikufotokozedwa mndandanda wapaderadera, chomwe chinakwaniritsidwa mu 1972 pansi pa Mgwirizano wa Chitetezo cha Dziko la Chikhalidwe ndi Chachilengedwe, chomwe chinalengeza udindo wonse wa kusunga zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Lero mndandanda uli ndi zinthu zoposa chikwi, ndipo zipilala zonsezi zili m'madera 161. Zina mwazo palizing'ono zakuthambo ndi zozizwitsa zolengedwa za manja a anthu, koma zinthu zina zingadabwe ndi iwo omwe sadziwa ndi mfundo ziti zomwe mndandandawu wapangidwa.

Zotsatira

Dzikoli likulowa kunja ndi ku Russia si nyumba komanso zipilala zachilengedwe. Chinthu chilichonse chili chosiyana ndi njira yake ndipo chili m'ndandanda ndizofunikira zina. Mwachikhalidwecho iwo agawanika mu magawo awiri.

Kwa zinthu zopangira zinthu, zofunikira monga chiwonetsero cha chiyanjano cha umunthu wa anthu, chitukuko cha zomangamanga, wapadera kapena chokha, kugwirizanitsa ndi malingaliro omwe ali ndi udindo wolamulira onse ndi ofunikira. Inde, kukongola ndi zokometsetsa zimaganiziranso. Pali zifukwa zisanu ndi chimodzi zofunika kwambiri.

Ponena za zipilala zakuthupi, ziyenera kuphatikizapo zochitika kapena malo omwe ali ndi makhalidwe apadera, amasonyeza chitsanzo cha magawo akulu a mbiriyakale, machitidwe a chilengedwe kapena zamoyo, kapena kukhala ofunika pofuna kuteteza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama ndi zomera. Zowonjezera zinayi zokha zimaperekedwa.

Malo amtengo wapatali a padziko lonse omwe ali kunja kapena ku Russia, omwe angatanthauzidwe kuti ndi ofanana ndi umodzi ndi gulu lina, amatchedwa kusakanikirana, kapena kukhala ndi chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe chofunikira. Kotero, ndi chiyani chomwe chikuphatikizidwa mundandanda wa UNESCO?

Kubwereza mayiko

Malo a UNESCO World Heritage amwazika padziko lonse lapansi mosagwirizana. Mayiko omwe ali ndi zipilala zazikulu kwambiri ndi Italy, China, Spain, France, Germany, Mexico, India, Great Britain, Russia ndi USA. Zonsezi, zinthu zopitirira 350 zili pa gawo lawo, zomwe ziri zochuluka kwambiri pa magawo atatu a mndandanda. Pafupifupi mayiko onsewa angatchulidwe kuti ndi olandira cholowa chawo komanso amakhala ndi chuma. Mulimonsemo, chiyambi cha mndandanda sizodabwitsa nkomwe.

Zinthu zopangidwa ndi anthu

M'gawo lino la 2014 pali zinthu 779. Izi zimaphatikizapo nyumba zodziwika ndi zofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zambiri zimayimira maiko awo: Angkor Wat ku Cambodia, Easter Island, Great Wall China, Abu Mena ku Egypt, Versailles, Cologne Cathedral, Acropolis ku Athens, Taj Mahal, akachisi Prambanan ndi Borobudur ku Indonesia, Samarra ya ku Samarra, yomwe ili m'dziko la Iran lero, Petra mu Yordani, Chichen Itza ndi Teotihuacan ku Mexico, Cusco ku Peru, ku Church of the Kizhi, mpingo wa Kolomna, Stonehedge, Statue ya Liberty, yomangidwa ndi Sydney Opera ... Kawirikawiri Kutenga chinthu chimodzi nepali kovuta kuti mndandanda limapeza lonse mbiri likulu la m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana - nthawi zimawonedwa mu Europe. Malo otchuka kwambiri okaona alendo ndi otsimikizika kuti alowe mundandanda uwu. Koma nthawi zina, ngati pakhala kusintha kwina kwakukulu, chinthucho chimachokera "World Heritage". Kunja, milandu iwiriyi imadziwika: chigwa cha Elbe River pafupi ndi Dresden chinachotsedwa chifukwa cha kumanga msewu wa galimoto; Malo otetezeka a oryx woyera, mtundu wapadera wa antelope, anachotsedwa pa mndandanda ku Oman chifukwa cha kuchepetsa gawo lawo ndi kusagwira ntchito polimbana ndi poaching. Mwinamwake, zinthu zidzasintha pakapita nthawi, koma ngakhale ayi, chaka chilichonse komiti yapadera imayang'ana zatsopano ndi zatsopano zokhudzana ndi kuphatikiza zinthu zosiyanasiyana kudziko lachilendo kudziko lina.

Zolemba zachilengedwe

Zomwe zimakhala zochititsa chidwi komanso zokongola kwambiri m'gulu la "World Heritage Kumayiko Ena" ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Ufulu wa chilengedwe, ndiko, nyumba, zomangamanga, ndi zina zotero, zimakhalanso zokhumba, koma ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kuona zomwe zinalengedwa popanda kuthandizidwa ndi kuthandizidwa kwa anthu. Mndandanda wa zipilala zoterezi (za 2014) uli ndi mayina 197. Zinthuzo zili m'mayiko 87 padziko lapansi. 19 mwa iwo akuopsezedwa kuti adzatha kutha (chifukwa chimodzi). Mwa njira, mndandanda wa malo a UNESCO World Heritage amayamba ndi chiwonetsero chachilengedwe - zilumba za Galapagos, zomwe zinalemekezedwa mu 1978. Ndipo, mwina, izo zingatchedwe mwachilungamo, chifukwa pali zinyama zambiri zosawerengeka kwambiri ndi zomera, malowa ndi otchuka chifukwa cha malingaliro ake odabwitsa. Ndipo, potsirizira pake, chilengedwebe chikhalebe chuma chamtengo wapatali kwambiri cha anthu.

Chigawo chosakanikirana

Zina mwa nyumba zomangidwa ndi munthu zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi malo ndi chilengedwe zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuwatcha iwo opangidwa ndi anthu apadera. Kapena, mosiyana, munthu asintha pang'ono chabe zomwe zawonekera chifukwa cha zamoyo, zachilengedwe ndi zina zachilengedwe. Mulimonsemo, dziko la UNESCO la Natural and Cultural Heritage, loyimiridwa ndi zinthu zomwe zili m'gululi, ndilopadera kwambiri.

Pali zinthu zochepa zokha - 31, koma ngakhale mwachidule payekha sizingatheke, ndizosiyana komanso zosangalatsa mwa njira yawo. Izi zikuphatikizapo malo okongola a Australia ndi New Zealand, phiri la Athos, Machu Picchu, nyumba za Meteora, zachilengedwe za Tasmania, malo ndi moyo wa Lapland ndi zina zambiri. Ndi chozizwitsa chenichenicho kuti chuma chonsecho chafika panthawi yathu mwachindunji mu mawonekedwe awa, ndipo ntchito yamba ya anthu ndiko kusunga cholowa ichi kwa ana.

Russia ndi CIS mayiko

Kumalo omwe kale anali USSR pali zipilala zambiri zomwe zikuphatikizidwa mundandanda wa UNESCO. Ena amasankhidwa ngati ofuna. Zonsezi zilipo zinthu 52, kuphatikizapo Struve geodetic arc, yomwe ili m'madera ambiri.

Mndandandawu uli ndi mayina monga Moscow Kremlin, Samarkand, Tauric Chersonese, Bukhara, Nyanja Baikal, Lena Pillars, Putorana Plateau, Sulaiman-Too Mountain, ndi zina. Popeza ataphunzira mosamalitsa mndandanda wa UNESCO World Heritage Sites m'dziko la CIS, Kusankha kuti musapite kunja, popanda kufufuza dziko lachibadwidwe - zinthu zosiyana ndi zosangalatsa zomwe zili mmenemo zikuyimiridwa. Chabwino, ndiye kuti zatheka kale kuyang'ana kwa anzako, ndi nyanja zitatu kuti zisamuke - zidzafanizidwa ndi zomwe.

UNESCO World Heritage ku Ukraine ndi zinthu 7 panthawiyi, ndipo zina 15 zikuwerengedwa. Kuchokera ku maiko a CIS, dziko ili ndilo lachiwiri mwa chiwerengero cha zinthu zomwe zili m'gululi. Izi zikuphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra ndi Hagia Sophia ku Kiev, malo otchuka a Lviv, nkhalango ya beech ya Carpathians.

Chikhalidwe

Zikuwoneka kuti kulowetsedwa ku Dziko Lachilendo Padziko Lonse ndi bonasi yokondweretsa, kuchepetsa alendo ndi oyendayenda vuto la kusankha komwe angapite ndi zomwe nkuwona. Koma izi ndizolakwika kwambiri, chifukwa zinthu zambiri zili pangozi ya chiwonongeko kapena kuperewera kwapadera ndipo amafunikira maganizo apadera. Kuyika nawo mundandanda wa UNESCO kungaperekenso chitetezo chawo. Kuonjezera apo, kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu zina kapena zokopa zam'ndandanda umenewu kumadzetsa kutchuka ndi kutchuka, zomwe zimakopa alendo ambiri m'dzikoli. Kukula kwa chuma ichi kumapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri zomwe zingathe kubwezeretsanso zikumbutso zomwe zili pa mndandanda wa UNESCO. Kotero polojekitiyi imathandiza pazinthu zonse.

Zinthu zikuwopsya

Mwamwayi, zonse sizili bwino. Pali gawo lapadera la mndandandawu, womwe umatchula zizindikiro za chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe zomwe zikuwopsedwa ndi kusintha kwakukulu kapena kutha kwathunthu. Zifukwa zingakhale zosiyana: zoopsa zosiyanasiyana ndi zochitika, nkhondo, zotsatira zoipa za nyengo ndi nthawi. Sikuti zonsezi zikhoza kulamulidwa, kotero kuti mu nthawi yochepa anthu akhoza kutaya zina mwa zinthu zomwe zili mu UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage. Tsopano mu mndandanda "woopsa" wa zinthu 46. Palibe mwa iwo omwe ali mbali ya World Heritage ku Russia. Kunja, zochitika zoterozo, mwatsoka, sizodziwika. Komitiyi ikugwira ntchitoyi.

Mndandandanda wa malo a UNESCO World Heritage omwe akuopsezedwa ndi awa omwe adawoneka kale kwambiri - mu 3-5 mileni BC, kotero kufunikira kwake sikungatheke. Komabe, mavuto ambiri, mapulani omanga ndi kumanganso nyumba, nkhondo, kusefukira, kusokoneza, etc .., musatilole kunena kuti malo awa ndi otetezeka.

Ntchito za Komiti

UNESCO ndi bungwe lalikulu lomwe liri ndi mavuto ambiri, Dziko Lachilendo kudziko lina ndi limodzi mwa iwo. Ndipo nkhani zonse zokhudzana ndi mutuwu zimasankhidwa ndi komiti yapadera. Amakumana kamodzi pa chaka kuti aganizire pa zinthu zomwe amati akuphatikizidwa mundandanda. Kuwonjezera apo, komiti imayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa magulu ogwira ntchito omwe amakumana ndi mavuto a zinthu zina. Iyenso imakhala ngati bungwe la zachuma, kupereka ndalama kwa mayiko omwe akugwirizana nawo pamsonkhano wawo. Pamodzi, komiti ili ndi mamembala 21. Nthawi imene ambiri a iwo amatha mu 2017.

Mndandanda womwewo

Zoonadi, zikumbutso za chikhalidwe ndi zachilengedwe ndizofunikira komanso zofunika, koma umunthu umafuna kusunga iwo okha. Mosiyana ndi zinthu zakuthupi, mndandanda unalengedwa ndi zitsanzo zowonjezera zowonjezereka, masukulu achidziwitso, ndi zina zotero. Kuchokera mu 2001, UNESCO yakhala ikulemba zolemba zamakono zowonongeka komanso zopanda nzeru. Koma musaganize kuti tikukamba za ntchito zolemba - mndandanda uwu ndi waukulu kwambiri komanso wosiyana kwambiri kuposa momwe ukuwonekera. Izi zikuphatikizapo miyambo yophika m'mayiko osiyanasiyana a dziko lapansi, luso lapadera la anthu payekha, nyimbo ndi maimbidwe, ngakhale fosholo!

Ntchito ina, yokonzedwa kuti isunge malo a UNESCO World Heritage Sites, amatchedwa "Memory of the World". Ndipo ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi chidziwitso cha zidziwitso zosiyanasiyana - pambuyo pake, mndandandawu uli ndi zikalata zofunika kwambiri za umunthu nthawi zonse, zosungidwa mpaka lero. Izi zikuphatikizapo mafilimu, zithunzi, zojambula, zojambula, zojambulajambula ndi zolemba za anthu otchuka.

Ntchito za UNESCO zokhuza chidwi ndi zikumbutso za chikhalidwe ndi zochitika za mitundu yonse zimapangitsa kuti zisakayikire kuti munthu aliyense akhoza kupanga chinthu chachikulu, choyenera kukhala kosatha m'mbiri. Iwo amathandizanso nthawi zina kusiya ndi kulingalira za zinthu zingati zokongola zomwe analengedwa ndi makolo ndi chilengedwe, ndipo zingakhale zoopsa bwanji kutaya.