Dongosolo chilengedwe cha chikhalidwe ndi chiani (zamoyo)

Kuyambira nthawi yakale ya kale, anthu ayesa kudutsa mfundo za dziko ndi kupeza yankho la funso la chimene chiri chikhalidwe cha dongosolo zachilengedwe. Anazindikira - dziko n'zogwirizana ndi anakonza malinga ndi malamulo ena. Taganizirani zofunika kwa sayansi kwachilengedwenso kachitidwe organic mu dziko, analengedwa pa chitukuko mbiri ya anthu.

Woyamba zachilengedwe gulu la zamoyo

Iwo anali akufuna ndi akatswiri Greek - tate wa zamoyo - Aristotle. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira kuyerekezera morphological ndi anatomical otchulidwa, analenga gulu nyama ndi maziko a tsogolo la khalidwe kwachilengedwenso - systematics. Yankho Aristotle kwa funso la chimene chiri chikhalidwe cha dongosolo zachilengedwe, kuwerenga motere: dziko lagawidwa maufumu awiri - ndi zopanda moyo ndi zamoyo chikhalidwe. Yotsirizira Nayenso hierarchically anamanga, zomera ndi nyama ndiyeno - kwa munthu.

View - pulayimale taxon mu zamoyo

Tipitirize kupeza mayankho a funso, kodi chikhalidwe cha dongosolo zachilengedwe. Mu zamoyo, kutanthauzira kapangidwe ka dziko motere - izo mwazaka analamula zoti zinatha ndipo alipo panthawi ya zamoyo, komanso kugawa awo ndi subordination masanjidwe ndi ofanana taxa - mayunitsi a gulu. Choyamba ndi maonekedwe. Ali ngati mwala wapangodya wa taxonomy ano.

Dongosolo Linnaean wa dziko organic

Iwo anali kukonza m'chaka cha 1735 mu ntchito wotchuka "Systema Naturae". Karl Linney, kutsimikizira maphunziro D. Ray ndi Buffon, unit zimatengera mtundu wa gulu. Monga creationist, iye akukhulupirira kuti mitundu akupitiriza ndipo sasintha. Scientist amapereka bayinare nomenclature limene chamoyo chilichonse wamoyo anatuma dzina wopangidwa mwa mawu awiri, mwachitsanzo: .. Munthu wololera, munthu imathandiza, dambo buttercup, etc. Mpaka akatswiri onse ntchito maina bayinare mitundu, ndi dongosolo chilengedwe cha chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro ovuta zinthu yani inakula, mwachitsanzo. e. ali subsystems.

Zopindulitsa panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira wa dziko organic anali bungwe C. Linnaeus. Amaphatikiza maufumu: zomera, nyama ndi mchere, womwe unagawanika mu mayunitsi superordinate - mitundu, genera, madongosolo. Mwachitsanzo: Ufumu chomera anali magulu 24, ndi anthu - 116 mayunitsi pa maziko a dongosolo la gametophyte ndi Ziwalo zoberekera - ndi archegonium antheridium.

Dongosolo masoka achilengedwe ndi ngoziyo chiphunzitso

Wopambana French zachilengedwe Georges Cuvier m'zaka za m'ma 19 ankachita nawo kafukufuku m'munda wa thunthu poyerekeza ndi paleontology. Maumboni analandira adzalola asayansi kusonyeza kuti, kenako, iwo anayikidwa mu maziko a chiphunzitso ake, kuyankha funso lomwe 'chikhalidwe cha dongosolo zachilengedwe. " The yochepa yankho ili - subordination wamangidwa pa mfundo za panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira dongosolo ongokhala osiyana kapangidwe ndi moyo ndondomeko ya zamoyo.

Mafupa anali umboni chakuti pakati pa mitundu zinatha ndi zamakono za zamoyo, palibe njira Transitional. Cuvier ndi otsatira ake anapangitsa kuthetseratu magulu lonse la nyama, monga chimphona abuluzi nyama ngati, ankaona cyclical Geological ngoziyo kuti adagwedeza dziko lapansi. Komabe, asayansi amene amatsatira maganizo zamoyo zinachita, anatsutsa chiphunzitso cha Cuvier. Pomaliza, kusiyana pakati pa akatswiri zinafa ndi zikamera ntchito ya Charles Darwin ndi A. Uolessa za chiyambi cha mitundu.

Lamarck ndi zamoyo zinachita kungoganizira

French wasayansi Jean-Baptiste Lamarck m'zaka za m'ma 19, woyamba wotsutsana zamoyo zinachita njira za kulengedwa kwa dongosolo masoka a chilengedwe lalikulu pamene malingaliro chilengedwe. Analemba ntchito multivolume "French Flora", anayambitsa dongosolo la gulu la invertebrates, komabe ntchito. Iye, pamodzi ndi Treviranus, mawu akuti "zamoyo" anali akufuna. M'buku lake "The Philosophy wa Zoology" Lamarck anafotokoza zimene chikhalidwe cha dongosolo zachilengedwe, zochokera mfundo yakuti zamoyo odalilika zipangizo chifukwa cha chikoka cha mmene chilengedwe.

Mu mawu amakono zamoyo waukulu galimoto kumulimbikitsa zamoyo zachilengedwe Lamarck anakhulupirira sanali cholowa - Masinthidwe masiyanidwe. Komanso, Lamarck, kuyika munthu pa mtengo zinachokera anyani, ndi njira ya chitukuko cha chikhalidwe, iye ankayimiridwa ngati vuto la gulu la zamoyo ndi panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira.

Darwin - chiphunzitso kapena amanena?

Cholinga chenicheni cha zimene ndi chikhalidwe cha dongosolo achilengedwe, tanthauzo la zimene anali kumasulidwa ndi mumaganiza osiyana mu zamoyo m'njira zambiri, kunapatsidwa "The Origin of Species Kudzera Natural Kusankha" mu ntchito ya Charles Darwin. Kuyambira mu 1859 anayamba nyengo yatsopano mu chitukuko cha nkhani zachilengedwe mbiri. Dongosolo chilengedwe cha chikhalidwe wakhala ankamuona ngati gulu ndi kuwalitsa kusintha pang'onopang'ono mitundu, genera, ndi makalasi lonse la zamoyo mchikakamizo cha kusintha majini ndi kusankha zamoyo.

Maganizo afotokozedwa ndi Darwin, awulule zigawo ziwiri: woyamba - chiphunzitso cha zinthu zamoyo zinachita ndipo chachiwiri - chiphunzitso cha mphamvu akuyendetsa kusanduka. Darwin ananena kuti mitundu itatu ya kulimbana kwa kukhalapo, ndilo maziko a kusankha zamoyo: intraspecific, interspecific komanso kupewa zinthu chowawa abiotic. Natural kusankha zipangitsa kuteteza mitundu kwambiri ndinazolowera zikhalidwe yeniyeni ya malo awo. Majini kusintha kusankha amasankha anthu amene analandira chifukwa cha masinthidwe, zizindikiro atsopano popereka maganizo ubwino wa kupulumuka. Classic Darwin panopa amapereka dongosolo mwatsatanetsatane za maganizo zamoyo zinachita pa chitukuko cha zinyama.

Kupanga amanena za kusanduka

Komanso majini maphunziro amachitika za m'ma 20, linapereka maziko kwa chilengedwe cha kupanga ganizo loperekedwa kwa zinthu, amene anapereka yankho la funso, kodi chikhalidwe cha dongosolo chibadwidwe zamoyo. Chidule cha izo ndi ichi - zosiyanasiyana mitundu ndi malamulo dongosolo pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo za subordination (wolowezana) osiyana taxa: mitundu, genera, mabanja, madongosolo (kapena magulu), makalasi, m'madipatimenti (kapena mitundu).

chamoyo chilichonse chimene amakhala padziko lapansi mndandanda wa tangotchulawo mayunitsi onse gulu, anapanga kudzera microevolution ndi macroevolution. maphunziro kuwona chimene chikhalidwe cha dongosolo chibadwidwe zamoyo. Kalasi 9 khama kuphunzira mphamvu kusanduka galimoto - kusintha majini ndi kusankha zamoyo. Kupanga amanena za kusanduka imatengedwa mu njira ya zamoyo 10 cl. Pamene ophunzirawo ndi kale bwino mfundo ndi malamulo a chibadwa.

Organization Tizilombo

Iwo ali dongosolo masoka a chilengedwe, ikuimira 7 milingo hierarchically Kumvetsela ntchito yomanga Open Biosystems. Tiyeni kuwatcha: ndi maselo, ma, limba, minofu, chamoyo, kwa anthu, mitundu, biogeocenotic Biosphere.

Kuphunzira chodabwitsa cha moyo aliyense kaya ndi osiyana khalidwe kwachilengedwenso. Mwachitsanzo, imaphunzira sayansi maselo ndi zamoyo. Cell - zochokera cytology, biogeocenotic ndi biosphere - taxonomy, poyerekeza ndi mmene thupi, zachilengedwe, etc. Kunena zoona, zinthu zonse zamoyo - .. Anthu, zomera, nyama, mabakiteriya - tinganene kuti aliyense siteji, ku mamolekyulu amene amapanga organelles khungu, ndipo mathero dongosolo lonse - biosphere. Iwo amachita m'zinthu kutembenuka kwa zinthu ndiponso mphamvu machitidwe lotseguka kwachilengedwenso.