Scientist Zhorzh Kyuve: yonena, zikayenda bwino, atulukira ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Zhorzh Kyuve - wasayansi wamkulu, katswiri, woyambitsa wa thunthu poyerekeza nyama ndi paleontology. munthu ichi chikukantha chilakolako chake kufufuza dziko, ndipo ngakhale ena maganizo olakwika, anakonza zopereka yaikulu chitukuko cha sayansi.

wasayansi ubwana

Cuvier anabadwa pa August 23, 1769 m'tauni ya Montbeliard. Little George anali wanzeru zoposa wake: zaka 4 iye anali kuwerenga, ndipo mayi ake ankamuphunzitsa kujambula. Luso penti imathandiza wasayansi ndi ntchito yake paleontology, kumene kuli kwa anajambula zithunzi za mabuku. mafanizo awa ali kwa nthawi yaitali pambuyo pake atalemba mabuku ena, kotero iwo ali apamwamba ndipo anapanga ndithu.

Georges Leopold Kyuve ankakhala kubanja losauka Chiprotestanti. bambo ake anali kale zaka, anali mu French asilikali msilikali ndi mayi ake anadzipereka moyo wake ndi mwana wake. Iye ankagwira naye ntchito, ndipo kukudza mapazi ake, pambuyo matenda ena (Cuvier amadwala ngati mwana).

mapangidwe

zaka School, wasayansi tsogolo kutha. Zhorzh Kyuve anadzionetsa ngati wophunzira luso, koma iye anali chikhalidwe opanduka. Izo poyamba zinakonzedwa kuti mnyamata kupitiriza maphunziro kusukulu ya zamulungu ndi kulandira udindo wa m'busa, koma ubale silikuyenda ndi wotsogolera sanamulole kukhala wansembe wa mpingo wa Chiprotestanti.

maphunziro Komanso Zhorzh Kyuve analandira Karolinska Academy pa luso cameral sayansi (State Management Katundu). Pano ku Stuttgart, asayansi kuphunzira ukhondo, lamulo, chuma ndi ndalama. Kale pa yunivesite anali ndi chidwi ndi nyama zakutchire, kotero "Academy" bwalo unapangidwa bungwe ndi sachita. Umodzi uwu inatenga zaka 4 - monga George anaphunzitsidwa luso. Mamembala a bwalo kugawana zipambano zawo yaing'ono kuphunzira chikhalidwe, kukonzekera kulankhula. Wolemekezeka Mendulo kunapatsidwa kwa improvised ku katoni ndi chithunzi cha Lamarck.

Zhorzh Kyuve - ndi yonena za sayansi pa mphambano za njira moyo

zaka zinai za moyo koleji kutha ndipo Georges anabwerera kwawo kwa makolo ake. bambo anga atapuma pantchito mayi sizinagwire ntchito. Chifukwa, bajeti anali pafupifupi kanthu, omwe sangakhale kunyalanyazidwa.

Ndiyeno musanapite mphekesera wasayansi anamva kuti Zithunzi za Normandy Erisi kufunafuna namkungwi mwana wake. Kukhala munthu wophunzira, Zhorzh Kyuve iye ankanyamula matumba, mbaenda mwakanthawi. Home wa wotchuka Earl inali m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo wathandiza Georges kuona moyo m'madzi, osati pa pepala komanso moyo. Molimba mtima anavumbula starfish, nyongolotsi m'madzi, nsomba, nkhanu ndi nsomba zazinkhanira, mollusks. Ndiye Zhorzh Kyuve anadabwa nkobvuta kapangidwe koyamba ndi zamoyo losavuta wamoyo. Ambiri ziwiya, mitsempha zopangitsa ndi ziwalo za dongosolo yagunda wasayansi. ntchito yake ndi nyama zam'madzi wakhala anafotokoza mu magazini "Zoological Bulletin".

The maphunziro oyamba m'munda wa paleontology

The cha m'ma XVIII - ndi zikamera wa paleontology. Cuvier, monga woyambitsa wa sayansi, ine padera chopereka chachikulu chitukuko. Nkhani yake yoyamba chikugwirizana ndi choncho, pamene analandira katundu mafupa opezeka anthu Maastricht. Hoffan (dzina la wokhala mumzinda uwu, yemwe anapeza mabwinja) anaganiza zomutumiza mafupa anali kale Cuvier ku Paris. Sam "mgodi" ankanena kuti zikhoza kukhala nsomba mafupa. Poyankha, asayansi ambiri aona kufanana ndi mafupa ya ng'ona, ndipo mpingo umachita Maastricht anatenga mafupa a zotsalira za oyera ndi anatenga kwa iye monga chidina.

Scientist Zhorzh Kyuve anakana options onsewa anachokera chigoba. Nditakhala ntchito scrupulous, anatiuza kuti mabwinja a zokwawa wakale zokhala madzi a Netherlands, mamilioni a zaka zapitazo. Izi anali anatsindika kukula lalikulu la mafupa, kuphatikizapo msana, mutu waukulu ndi nsagwada ndi mano ambiri lakuthwa, kusonyeza njira zolusa zolengedwa moyo. Cuvier anaonanso zotsalira za nsomba wakale, nkhono ndi zolengedwa zina za m'nyanja, zomwe zikuoneka kudyetsedwa chokwawa izi.

Njirayi imatchedwa mosasaurs kuti Greek akhoza likumasuliridwa kuti "chokwawa mtsinje Maas" (Meuse ku French). Iyo inali yoyamba sayansi anapeza wasayansi lapansi. Atafotokoza Khadili zotsalira za chinthu chosadziwika, Zhorzh Kyuve maziko a sayansi yatsopano - paleontology.

Pamene ntchito inali ikuchitika ndi zotsalira za

Zhorzh Kyuve kuphunzira ndi systematized za makumi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama ya mbiri isanayambe. Ena mwa iwo akanangokhoza zingaoneke amafanana ndi zinyama ano, koma ambiri analibe kanthu kochita ndi ng'ombe, nkhosa, gwape.

Komanso, asayansi atsimikizira kuti dziko lisanakhale chigawo cha zokwawa. Madzi ndi dziko mumakhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinyamazi. Ngakhale kumwamba kunalamulidwa ndi pterodactyls, osati mbalame, monga anachitira ofufuza ena.

Zhorzh Kyuve anayamba njira kuphunzira mabwinja. Chifukwa, pa maziko a mafupa a nyama, ndi chidziwitso kuti ziwalo zonse za thupi ndi inakula, iye mukanakhoza kulingalira momwe zikuwoneka kwenikweni kukhala. Monga mmene kuchita, ntchito yake inali yoona kwambiri.

Zhorzh Kyuve: chopereka kwa zamoyo

Kupitiriza nyama kuphunzira, wasayansi anayamba kudziwa kufanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa iwo. Chifukwa, iye anakhala woyambitsa wa chotero masiku sayansi thunthu poyerekeza. chiphunzitso wake wa "malumikizanidwe mbali ya thupi," limanena kuti ziwalo zonse ndi nyumba zokhudzana ndi mzake, ndi dongosolo lawo ndi magwiridwe zimadalira zinthu zachilengedwe, kudyetsa, kuswana.

Mwachitsanzo, kusanthula ungulate. Iwo akudya udzu, ndiye, kuti mano chachikulu. Popeza. Wamphamvu nsagwada kumafuna minofu bwino anayamba, mutu kudzakhala lalikulu wachibale kwa ena thupi. zofunika kwambiri pa mutu Kotero,, adzakhala anayamba vertebrae a msana khomo lachiberekero, ndi njira zawo. Zamiyendo Inayi nyama popanda mano kapena zikhadabo, atalephera kutetezedwa kwa adani. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, panali nyanga. Chomera zakudya kwa nthawi yaitali kugaya imbaenda chitukuko cha buku la m'mimba ndipo matumbo yaitali. Pulogalamu m'mimba dongosolo - chifukwa pamaso pa nthiti waukulu ndi mimba chachikulu.

kudzagwira ntchito m'munda wa paleontology, zinachititsa atulukira zinthu zambiri kuposa kale lonse. Pakati pawo pterodactyls - zouluka zokwawa amene ntchito ndi zilombo zolusa komanso kudya nsomba. Choncho Zhorzh Kyuve anatsimikizira kuti zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo, thambo n'kuti chokwawa mphamvu, si mbalame.

chiphunzitso ngoziyo

Zhorzh Kyuve, amene yonena wakhala kugwirizana ndi kukula paleontology, kubweretsa lingaliro la zamoyo wa zamoyo. Mwa kuphunzira zotsalira za zolengedwa wakale, asayansi aona chitsanzo: mu zigawo pamwamba pa matanthwe a padziko lapansi ndi mafupa a nyama kuti ngakhale kufanana pang'ono ndi malingaliro amakono, ndi zigawo chozama - ndi mafupa a zolengedwa mbiri isanayambe.

Ngakhale zinthu zimenezi, Zhorzh Kyuve likutsutsa yekha. chakuti iye anakana kusanduka wonse, ndi chifukwa kuti wasayansi anapereka chiphunzitso chake cha chitukuko ya zomera pa dziko. Cuvier wapereka ganizo loti pa chosadziwika intervals chotchedwa sushi chidutswa anali anasefukira nyanja, ndi zamoyo zonse anamwalira. Kenako madzi anabwerera, ndipo mu malo atsopano panali zinthu zina ndi mbali ukasintha latsopano dongosolo thupi. Pa funso kumene nyama zimenezi, tikhoza kuona, asayansi ongoganizira chabe. Ngoziyo chiphunzitso ndi anachita, T. Kwa. Chikuoneka anali Pofuna kugwirizanitsa sayansi ndi chipembedzo.

Zhorzha Kyuve maganizo osiyanasiyana pankhani ya zamoyo wa zinyama akanakhoza chikanachitika chifukwa chakuti pa nthawi ya paleontology Transitional njira apezeka pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama. Motero, panalibe chifukwa kuyembekezera pang'onopang'ono zamoyo zinachita chitukuko cha zamoyo. Darwin Only akufuna chiphunzitso ofanana, koma chinachitika pambuyo pa imfa Zhorzha Kyuve.

Kusiyana gulu la Linnaeus ndi Cuvier

Kugwira ntchito ndi nyama ndi kuphunzira dongosolo lawo, Zhorzh Kyuve mwachidule systematized zinyama zonse mu mitundu 4:

1. inakhala. Izi zikuphatikizapo nyama zonse ndi mafupa dismembered. Zitsanzo: mbalame, nyama zokwawa (zokwawa komanso achule), nyama ndi nsomba.

2. Sangalalani. Mu gulu ili, timu ya zinyama asonkhanitsa, amene anali zozungulira chosokonekera wa thupi, amene Ndi mmene Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa starfish ndi.

3. Lofewa wamphamvu. Ndi nyama ndi thupi zofewa akachita chipolopolo zolimba. Zikuphatikizapo cuttlefish, mamazelo, nkhono, nkhono, mollusks, nyamayi ndi zambiri D..

4. Arthropods. Nyama cha gulu ili ndi amphamvu mafupa kunja chipolopolo mu mawonekedwe a olimba, ndipo thupi lonse lagawidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawo. Zitsanzo: millipedes, tizilombo, nkhanu, arachnids. Molakwika ankachitira kuno ndi ena mphutsi.

Linnaeus, motsutsana ndi Zhorzha Kyuve, anasankha 6 a mitundu: zokwawa, mbalame, nyama, nsomba, tizilombo ndi mphutsi (pano ndine wa zokwawa komanso achule). Kumbali ya taxonomy, gulu la nyama ndi Cuvier kupeza wangwiro, choncho ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali.

Choona chidwi mu moyo wa wasayansi

Kamodzi wophunzira wa Cuvier anaganiza kusewera tsenga pa iye. Kuti tichite zimenezi, anavala suti ndi nkhosa pamene mphunzitsi adalikugona mwakachetechete anayenda napita kwa bedi lake. Iye anati: "Cuvier, Cuvier, ine kudya inu" George anamva tulo take anaona ziboda nyanga, ndiyeno n'kutsatira anati, "Inu simuli chilombo, simukhala kudya ine."

Palinso Cuvier ndibwereze izo ziwalo zonse ndi ziwalo za thupi la nyama ndi zogwirizana. Limafotokoza kuti "thupi ndi zikugwirizana lonse. mbali munthu sizingasinthidwe popanda kuchititsa kusintha mu ena. "

zikayenda

An wasayansi kwambiri m'munda wa paleontology panthawiyo ankaona Zhorzh Kyuve. Mwachidule yonena limanena kuti M'chaka cha 1794 wasayansi ntchito mu Museum watsopano History Natural. Pali analemba ntchito yake yoyamba entomology, yomwe chinali chiyambi cha ntchito yaikulu sayansi.

Mu 1995, Cuvier anayamba kukhala Paris. Patapita chaka chimodzi, adatenga mpando wa thunthu nyama pa Sorbonne ndipo anasankhidwa kukhala membala wa bungwe National. Patapita zaka zingapo anakhala katswiri pa mutu wa dipatimenti ya poyerekeza thunthu ya University of Paris.

Chifukwa cha kuphunzira sayansi Zhorzh Kyuve analandira peerage la France ndi membala wa French Academy.

Pomaliza

Cuvier wapanga amathandiza kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha thunthu poyerekeza ndi paleontology. ntchito zake zidakhala maziko liwunikidwenso za nyama, ndi gulu lake lili kwa nthawi yaitali. Ndipo ngakhale anasiya angapo olakwika m'munda wa kusanduka, wasayansi woyenera kutamandidwa ndi kuzindikira ntchito ambiri.

Zhorzh Kyuve anafa May 13, 1832.