CHITSANZO nkhani. Kodi kulemba nkhani? ndi nkhani mu mabuku Kodi

Mu mabuku, pali zambiri kuposa makumi asanu Mitundu yosiyanasiyana nkhani ndi chimodzi mwa chidwi kwambiri a iwo. Ntchito imeneyi kuwonjezekeredwa pang'ono zopeka, pang'ono utolankhani. Ophunzira mosadziwa kulemba nkhani zonse tanthauzo lake, koma ichi ndi cholakwika. Nkhani - ndi chinthu china, izo amazembera lingaliro la wolemba, pali zambiri zoona, mfundo, maganizo pa vutolo. Kulemba nkhani zoterezi, zina m'pofunika kuchititsa kufufuza journalistic. Mwachitsanzo nkhani amafuna bwino momwe kuti mtundu wa ntchito ndi malingaliro kusonyeza pa pepala. Ntchito zoterozo zimapezeka olemba ambiri otchuka.

ndi nkhani zimene

Kudziwana choyamba ndi mtundu wanyimbo zolembalemba zikuchitika pa maphunziro Russian, koma mitundu zake zonse ndi subspecies afufuza mwatsatanetsatane ndi atolankhani ndi philologists. Bwino kulemba nkhani, muyenera kumvetsetsa zomwenso ake. Nkhani - yaing'ono buku, kufotokoza chochitika chenicheni, zochitika za munthu weniweni. The munthawi si anakumana, mukhoza kulemba zimene zinachitika zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo ndipo zimene zinachitikazo.

Musanayambe kulemba nkhani, muyenera kupeza mfundo zonse, monga iwo ndiwo maziko a ntchito. Events ndiponso zochita zake zomwe limanena umboni ayenera zofunikila zothandiza anthu ammudzi, pamakhala mafunso akuluakulu sociological. Nkhaniyi zinalembedwa kalembedwe ofotokoza, adziwe zotengera malingaliridwe a basi awo ndi wolemba mwa iye inathetsedwa.

Gawo la nkhaniyo

The kulemba polemba chinenero ichi ayenera kukhala ndi zigawo zitatu zikuluzikulu: journalistic, sociological ndi zosangalatsa mbali. Mlembi ayenera kukhudza zofunika chikhalidwe. Zimenezi zingakhale nkhani pa nkhani ya kupanda makhalidwe kwa ana, uchidakwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo a anthu makamaka, kuipitsidwa, AIDS, kansa, TB ndi matenda ena oopsa kwa anthu. Wolemba azitenga monga maziko zoona, kudalira ziwerengero. Mwachitsanzo, zingakhale deta pa chiwerengero cha anthu odwala mu makamaka dera, dziko kapena padziko lonse, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya mu mlengalenga zinthu woopsawo, etc. Pankhaniyi, mankhwala akhoza osati kuononga manambalawo, mwinamwake adzakhala ziume yantchito osati kukhudza maganizo a owerenga.

Kuwerenga mu bukhu ndi zofunika kwambiri, monga wolemba zikuoneka ngati mtolankhani wina, kuchititsa zofufuza payekha. Chitsanzo cha nkhani angapezeke mu zosangalatsa magazini ambiri, manyuzipepala. Kuti mupeze deta odalirika, nthawi zina muli kuthera nthawi yambiri kutolera mfundo. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kafufuzeni zimenezi mulaibulale, kuyang'ana zoona pa Websites nduna za bizinesi kapena mabungwe kulankhula ndi anthu enieni, pitani malo anafotokoza, chifukwa n'zosatheka kujambula nyanja wokongola Baikal, pakumuwona Iye yekha mu chithunzi. M'mawu ena, WOLEMBA ayenera mitundumitundu, munthu Nditchimo, ndi connoisseur lalikulu la moyo.

Kuti chidwi owerenga, muyenera kulemba wokongola zolembalemba kalembedwe sewero. Polemba chinenero - ndi mbali yofunika ya ntchito. Nkhani akadalembedwa mu kalembedwe luso, kudzakhala kufotokoza n'zomveka zokongola vuto, nkhani ya moyo wa munthu. Kumayambiriro kwa nkhani omveka ndi losaiwalika khalidwe agwera owerenga mu malo ena, kumvetsetsa vutolo. lemba ali ndi dongosolo la padera; lakuti vuto, kuwunika, kufunafuna njira. Zolemba za mtundu uwu - akonzedwa ziwerengero ndi nkhani za tsiku ndi tsiku.

Nkhani ya nkhaniyo

A chitsanzo chapadera cha ntchito Tingaone mu ntchito za olemba ena a m'zaka za zana XVIII. choona kuti zili kulemera amenewa, omveka ndi chidwi essays kuwuka mu nthawi yamavuto maubale, kusintha njira kabwerebwere wa moyo. UK kuti polemba chinenero ichi kudza ku chiyambi cha m'ma XVIII, chifukwa analipo pa nthawi imeneyo kunali kugwa makhalidwe a osankhika a anthu. The magazini makamaka kusindikizidwa zina zachidule umoyo-yovuta pa mutu zochitika tsiku ndi tsiku oyimirira otchulidwa zigawo zina za anthu.

Mu Russia, chinthu ofanana unkachitika mu theka lachiwiri la M'zaka zomwezi. Magazini satirical kusekedwa luntha ndi akuluakulu a boma lakale la landlords mu mawonekedwe nkhani. Mu zoyambirira za m'ma XIX, vutoli anafika pamwamba kuposa kale lonse, kotero essays akhala yaikulu mtundu wanyimbo olemba amene akufuna kuuza anthu lingaliro la kuchepa ya makhalidwe, kupondereza osauka, kupusa ndi kunyoza amphamvu ndi olemera. Kalembedwe izi analemba Saltykov-Shchedrin, Belinsky, Nekrasov, mu mzimu womwewo anapitiriza Gorky, Korolenko, ndiponso olemba demokalase.

Chitsanzo cha nkhani angapezeke mu mabuku Soviet. polemba chinenero ichi chimene chikuchititsa kusintha anthu, kusintha chuma, chikhalidwe, kunyumba ndi muzochitika malamulo a moyo. olemba Soviet anayamba compositional ndi wokhutira mitundu, patsogolo ntchito zikuluzikulu za nkhaniyo: Zomwe kafukufuku, Kuwulura zovuta za moyo. polemba chinenero chotere anadza Tendriakov V., W. Sands, EV Radov, F. Abramov, E. Doroş ndi ena.

chithunzi ntchito

Polemba chinenero chithunzi nkhani amafuna kuonerera wabwino ndi erudition wa wolemba nkhani wina wa. Posowa ndi makhalidwe amenewa wolemba sadzatero yowala ndi zikufotokoza za maonekedwe a munthu, koma ena identikit. essays zabwino zambiri kuwapeza mafani mabuku, chifukwa anthu awa kale zokhudza mmene muyenera kuti lembalo. Zapamwamba kale anasiya kwa mbadwa kukumbukira zitsanzo lathunthu la zina zachidule chithunzi. Muyeneranso accustom okha kuti kuonerera, kupenda mosamala kwambiri khalidwe la kwawo abale, abwenzi anzawo, odutsa ndi anansi. Focus akhale pa mtundu wa kulankhula mawu kalembedwe, gait, manja, nkhope, mbali thupi, nkhope.

Ku mayunivesite kulenga, makamaka dipatimenti ayendetsa, ophunzira anapatsidwa masewera - pofotokoza mlendo, azinena ntchito yake kumene akupita, iye anabweretsa amene mnzake kapena bwenzi, etc. Nkhani mu mtundu wanyimbo wa portraiture nkhani zolembedwa mu mtundu womwewo. Onetsetsani kunyamula cholembera ndi kope kulemba zonse anawona chidwi mphindi, mfundo, zikuthandizani wophunzitsa ndi kuphunzira kupatukana zofunika kuchokera zonyozeka. essayists odziwa pa Mwachidule kudziwa makhalidwe enieni a munthu anafotokoza.

Only kufotokoza maonekedwe a thupi, manja, gait ngwazi ayenera mulibe chithunzi sewero. Chitsanzo angapezeke mu mabuku. Maonekedwe akunja zambiri akhoza kukuuzani kwambiri, kudziwa dziko mumtima wa munthu, zizolowezi zake ndi zokonda. Mwachitsanzo, mu maonekedwe ndi zovala ngati nkotheka kupeza ngati ngwazi ndi zaukhondo, ngati wosangalatsidwa zamakono, amakonda kukhala lofunika kwambiri kapena amakonda kuphatikiza ndi khamu la anthu. Mu kuphunzira anthu zikhazikitsidwe osati pa kuganiza zithunzi, komanso kulumikiza mphamvu ya kukhudza, kumva, kununkhiza. Kodi kukhudza manja a ngwazi zimene mawu ake ungathe iye chinachake fungo wapadera.

Chithunzicho sewero la chitsanzo anyamula moyo wa khalidwe anafotokoza. Mwachitsanzo, mu moyo wa ngwazi zimachitika, chinachake chapadera, iye anali kupulumutsa anthu ku nyumba moto, pothetsa mavuto padziko lonse zokhudza chuma cha m'derali, kupanga ntchito yaikulu, etc. Muyenera kuona mmene kudzera zimenezi amasonyezera khalidwe la munthu. Izo ziyenera kukhala sewero zachilendo, wapangidwa mawu abwino, zikuoneka ikusonyeza zimene wopambana mu moyo wanga, ngati mungathe kudalira.

nkhani kuyenda

Ntchito imeneyi kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito za utolankhani, izo anadza kwa oyamba ndi atolankhani odziwa. Iwo ali zina zimene tiyenera kuziganizira polemba ntchito. Choyamba, tiyenera kutifotokozera cholinga cha zimenezi zinalembedwa nkhani, nkhani, nanga cholinga cha wolemba. Mwina wolemba nkhani wina akufuna kugawana zidindo wake, amatiuza za nkhani zandale, zachuma, zachilengedwe kapena chikhalidwe mu chigawo chomwe mufuna kapena dziko.

Pamaso kulemba ntchito zabwino timudziwe bwino ntchito za ena, olemba yaitali. Chitsanzo cha nkhani angapezeke mu ntchito za olemba kwambiri monga Pushkin, Novikov, Radishchev ndi ena. Mungathe kulemba zikuchokera kwa mtundu anafotokoza ndi mtima wodziwa mbakonda zowoneka ndi maso anu. Inu simungakhoze basi kudalira m'maganizo, chifukwa nkhani - ndi ntchito mogwirizana ndi mfundo zodalirika. Woyendayenda pa malo ena, onetsetsani kuti notsi mu kope pa mfundo chidwi mitunda, chidwi zochitika izo zinakhala ndi zimene sizinayende monga anakonzera. Izi si kufotokoza munthu winawake, ntchito ayenera kukhala wofuna.

Ndi umunthu kuiwala ena munthawi ya moyo wake, pamene woyendayenda lipindulitsa osati manotsi, komanso kusunga zolemba wailesi, kutenga zithunzi. Musanayambe kulemba nkhani, muyenera kusonkhanitsa zithunzi zonse ndi makaseti udzawakumbutse, akatunge yovuta dongosolo la ntchito, kenako okha chitani kulemba wake.

ntchito yovuta

Zolembalemba nkhani limapangidwa pamwamba ndi mawunikidwe luso kulongosola. The ntchito wobvutika wolemba zingakhudze zachuma, zandale, ndi chilengedwe vuto lililonse, umene uli bwino. WOLEMBA cholinga chachikulu - kupeza choonadi, kumvetsetsa chifukwa anali ndi vuto, chifukwa kungachititse, kodi njira ya njira zake. kulemba amafuna kusanthula mozama, malongosoledwe zachiphamaso si woyenera pano. Musanayambe kulemba nkhani, muyenera osati tione mwatsatanetsatane vuto, komanso kuwerenga ntchito za olemba ena, kuti ndizolowere maganizo awo pa nkhaniyi, kufufuza analilemba.

Kulemba mtundu uwu malemba angathe qualitatively kokhako munthu amene ali ndi chidwi mu chisankho ndi kusanthula mavuto amene alipowa. Mutu ayenera kukhala pafupi ndi wolemba yekha, koma ndiye akulongosola zinthu zoona ndiponso yomveka bwino chinenero. The zina zachidule kuyenda bwino kwambiri anawona umunthu WOLEMBA okha malemba zinalembedwa munthu woyamba. Mlembi ayenera zikufotokoza chikhalidwe cha vutoli, kuti anaziphunzitsa owerenga ndi masomphenya ake a zinthu, monga mankhwala akhoza wodzilemekeza ndi malingaliro angapo a amasewera bwino, ngati zotsutsana.

Nkhani akutsatira mfundo zodalirika, koma musati zimamuchulukira izo chintchito, kanjedza ndi ziwerengero kuti isanduke youma, uninteresting nkhani. nkhani An zinalembedwa kalembedwe luso, ngati ena deta yake, iwo ayenera mfundo komanso ndemanga. Mtundu wa malemba ndi lofanana ndi nkhani ndi buku, izo amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito kusintha luso, maganizo okhudza malo, poyerekeza ndi zochitika zina.

sewero la munthu

Koma Gorky anati kuti cholinga cha mankhwala ndi kukhala munthu. Wolemba ananenanso kuti nkhani ndi pakati pa nkhani komanso kuchita kafukufuku. polemba chinenero ichi sitinganene kuti yosavuta, chifukwa tichipeza umboni zomveka ndi yowala, kufotokoza maganizo a zochitika. Mu ntchito yake ayenera azigwirizana utolankhani zina, zopelekedwa khalidwe ndi zinthu, ndiye chidwi, zoona ndi ojijirika sewero la munthu. Zitsanzo za ntchito zimenezi mungaipeze zapamwamba, kuti iwo ayenera kuphunzira kuyesa afike mlingo wa ntchito zawo.

Pakati pa mankhwala ayenera kukhala ngwazi, m'pofunika kufotokoza mbali ziwiri. Choyamba, muyenera kulingalira kucheza ndi khalidwe dera, ndiyeno kufufuza dziko lake lamkati, kuti muone zake kunyumba, akunena kwa okondedwa ndi abwenzi. Muyenera kusonkhanitsa mudziwe zambiri za munthuyo pamaso panu kulemba nkhani. Chitsanzo cha kukonzekera phased ntchito: Pochititsa zoyankhulana, kusankha mphindi kiyi lonena za makhalidwe abwino ndi oipa, maumboni zochitika zapadera mu moyo wa munthuyo.

The nkhani zambiri zofunika kuti yonena mwachidule munthu, koma siziyenera kukhala ofanana deta. Nkofunika kutsindika khalidwe la ngwazi, pamene inu simungakhoze basi kuti iye ndi olimbikira ntchito, kulimbikira, wochenjera, etc., m'pofunika kupereka umboni, tchulani mphindi zovuta za moyo wake, amatiuza mmene zinthu, zomwe iwo Aongoke. Pofotokoza kuchitapo kanthu asanthule makhalidwe maganizo a munthu, mmene ndi munthu makhalidwe ofanana. Mukhozanso amatiuza za maganizo a ngwazi mu vuto linalake.

Kwathunthu anthu amene amakhala kulibeko, aliyense njira zina kucheza ndi anthu, ndipo iye ali zotani zachuma, zandale, njira abwino. Choncho, nkhaniyo ayenera yolumikizana pamodzi khalidwe munthu ndi zochitika chikhalidwe, kuti omva khalidwe la kwa iwo. essayists Professional zambiri chotheka kupyolera zoona pa nkhani yonena za munthu makamaka kugwira ntchito yomanga zochitika wofunika m'mbiri.

Ngati chithunzi chapakati ndi odziwika bwino chithunzi anthu ndi nyota zambiri, m'pofunika kutsindika iwo. The kulemba-nkhani ayenera muli mutu wa zilandiridwenso, kusakasaka wauzimu. ntchito zabwino mwatsatanetsatane auza wowerenga za moyo, Zokwaniritsa wina ndi zotsika, koma ikubweretsa mafunso okhudza kumvetsa zolakwa zawo, kuphunzira maloto, zolinga ndi kuzikwanitsa.

Nkhani-kufufuza

Nthawi zambiri atolankhani kafukufuku kuuza wowerenga za mfundo osadziwika kapena pang'ono odziwika. Mwina ena m'dera osaka zochita za anthu kapena kuphunzira zochitika zina. Pakhoza kukhala ndi nkhani za mbiri yakale, wolemba akhoza kusonkhanitsa deta zofunika za chigawo chomwe mufuna kapena dziko, kuchita nyumba kafukufuku amene anamangidwa zaka mazana angapo apitawo, kapena kuvumbulutsa zachisinsi bungwe zimene zimasunga zinsinsi zobisika za zaka.

Kuyamba mtolankhani ayenera kuyamba kusonkhanitsa mfundo ngati n'koyenera, amapita kumalo a pofufuza. Ndiye tifunika kumasulila ntchito ndi zolinga za phunzirolo, malinga ndi zomwe analandira, kodi zingafunike kuti asankhe Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana komanso malingaliro. Mu America, essays, wotchedwa kufufuza amatengedwa ndi kusanthula mtolankhani zinthu pa phunziro lalikulu, lomwe anthu ena angakonde kuti Akubisa. Nkhaniyi itithandiza kulemba si aliyense, chifukwa ngakhale pa siteji ya kutolera mfundo kumafuna akatswiri ena, wolemba ayenera kumvetsa nkhani kafukufuku. Pankhaniyi, wolemba nkhani wina sayenera mwaluso yekha kusintha deta, koma wokongola, mawonekedwe tikuyamba kufotokoza zinthu, kulenga chithunzi cha khalidwe waukulu.

ntchito milandu

Mwatsoka, osati za zinthu zabwino ndi wabwino, anthu amitima essays olembedwa. Pali nkhani zosiyanasiyana, palinso mathero oipa. Ntchito phunziro kwa milandu makamaka olembedwa ndi atolankhani ndi maganizo kupereka kuwunika khalidwe la uchigawenga, kuti owerenga kuti aganizire mmene dziko chikulowera, kupeza njira zopewera zisadzachitikenso wa zoterezi. Woyambitsa nkhaniyo ndi kupenda mwatsatanetsatane upandu, anapanga gulu la anthu kapena munthu wosakwatira. Mtolankhani sayankha ziyenera malamulo a vutoli, ayenera kubwera kuchokera kutali, kulankhula zimene imacita mchitidwe chigawenga, ziti anamutengera chinthu choopsa chimene chinachititsa kuti aphwanye malamulo.

Mwachitsanzo, mnyamata mlandu wa kuba. WOLEMBA ayenera kumvetsa cholinga cha upandu. Izi munthu ku banja osokonekera, makolo a mwanayo anamuphunzitsa kuba, kunyengeza, kuti n'zodalirika. Kotero iye anali ndi chizolowezi moyo woterowo, munthu safuna kupeza ntchito, kuyamba banja, iye amakonda kukhala kumbuyo ndi moyo likuvutika ena. Kumene, mlandu ndi achinyamata, komanso makolo ake, anthu, amene panthawi yoyenera sanaime, sanalole malankhulidwe osati.

The mtolankhani ku nkhani yake ayenera kufotokoza mitundu ya pokhala ali mwana, anapempha m'misewu, kufufuza ndi agalu yosokera mu lotayako ndi zina chakudya. Komanso ofunika ponena makolo, zidakwa amene sindikusamala mwanayo, anthu kuti diso wakhungu ana awa. Ntchito yaikulu ya wolemba - kusonyeza mikhalidwe ndi zochitika zomwe zinachititsa munthu ziwawa, kudziwa cholinga.

Ngati maso zoona, mfundo ndi upandu angaperekedwe. Mtolankhani amayenera dziŵani owerenga ndi ziyenera zoipa zokhudza malamulo komanso kupanga kuganizira makhalidwe awo. Mwina, kunja pali anthu amene akufunika thandizo, ngati iwo satero kongoletsani kuwathandiza lero, mawa zidzakhala angathe akuba, ndi ambanda.

Ikani nkhani mabuku

Aliyense mtundu wanyimbo ali ndi chikoka yotsimikizika pa maganizo a anthu. ndi nkhani mabuku chiyani, pamalo pomwe ali mu chikhalidwe cha anthu, n'kofunika kwa anthu? Cholinga chachikulu cha mtundu wanyimbo ichi - kuuza owerenga zoona zokhudza zochitika, zaluso, moyo wa munthu. Chifukwa cha amoyo, chilankhulo chomveka zambiri mosavuta kudya. mafotokozedwe zokongola amatenga owerenga malo kapena atamukoka fano la munthu amene wolemba limanena. Ngakhale nkhaniyo ndi kuwerenga monga mutu zolembalemba, koma wapereka deta yodalirika ndiponso mfundo zenizeni.

Za zimene zinkachitika mu dziko, anthu ambiri ilo kuchokera nkhani nyuzipepala olembedwa mu mawonekedwe sewero. Palibe malo awa a zochita za anthu, zomwe sizinachitike ntchito imodzi ya Mitundu zofunika kwambiri ndi zothandiza zolembalemba. Ndiyamika likuonetsera anthu tidzaphunzira zambiri odalirika padziko lonse. Mu mabuku, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mtundu wanyimbo izi, ambiri mwa zimenezi ndi zithunzi, kuyenda ndi vuto.