China Mu Xix W.

Mtsutso wotsutsa-wamba ku China mu theka lachiwiri la zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi zoyambirira ndi zoyambirira. Zinali zovuta kuphatikizapo mfundo ziwiri - chikhalidwe chachikunja ndi kutsutsana ndi capitalist, ndiyeno kutsutsana ndi mtsogoleri wa chikhalidwe cha kayendetsedwe kameneko, kamene kamakhala kotere. Yoyamba inalengedwa kuyambira kale ndi Middle Ages, yachiwiri - zotsatira za kukula kwa Kumadzulo. Zonsezi zimagwirizanitsa pamodzi. Zopangidwe zake zikhoza kulembedwa ndi zochitika za "maseŵera olimbitsa thupi a British" ndi a anti-English akuwombera ku Guangdong pa nkhondo yoyamba ya "opiamu" ndipo pambuyo pake mu 1840-1851.)

Mtsogolomu, ndondomekoyi inagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana - kuwombera nsalu zotumizidwa kunja (zaka za m'ma 1970), kuwonongedwa kwa mafakitale oyambirira (kumapeto kwa zaka za 60s - kumayambiriro kwa zaka 80), ntchito zotsutsana ndi komiti, kulimbana ndi njanji yoyamba (1875-1877) ndi telegraph. Zonsezi zowonongeka ndi chikhalidwe chenicheni chotsutsana ndi chikomyunizimu muzochitika zachitsulo cha China zimakhala zosatheka pokhapokha pokhazikitsa mgwirizanowu, kuphatikizapo dziko la Shenshi kukonda dziko, magulu a gulu lachipani, zochita za mabungwe amseri, chidziwitso cha anthu opanduka, maganizo a anthu oyamba ku China, a Luddite Zosangalatsa za ojambula, olima ndi ogwira ntchito. China Mu Xix V .....

Chifukwa cha kukula kwa chigwirizano cha China, kuphatikizapo dziko lakale la Great-Han chauvinism ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu achikunja ndi mtundu woponderezedwa, panthawiyi a Chinese, omwe amasonyezedwa mu nkhondo yapikisano ya dziko lonse lapansi komanso shanupi yoponderezana ndi dziko lachilendo ku China, adawonjezeredwa ku zigawo zowonongeka kale. Kuyambira m'ma 70s a XIX atumwi. Anayambitsa nyengo yatsopano ya nkhondo zoopsa za dziko lachigwirizano lolimbana ndi China - panopa nkhondo kapena chipolowe. Mu 1874, dziko la Japan linayesa kulanda Chilumba cha Taiwan. Mu 1884-1885. France inamenyana ndi China chifukwa cha Vietnam.

Patatha zaka khumi, dziko la Japan linalimbana ndi China chifukwa cha Korea. Nkhondo ya ku Japan-China ya 1894-1895. Anali ngati mtundu wotembenuza - kutengedwa kwa gawo la China kunayamba. Malinga ndi Chipangano cha Shimonoseki cha 1895, chigawo cha China cha Taiwan ndi Penghu Peninsula chinasamukira ku Japan. Izi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro cha kugawidwa kwa China pokhapokha kukhala "magulu a mphamvu" mu 1897-1898, "malo okhudzidwa ndi anthu okhaokha" ndi "malo ogulitsira ntchito." Zogwirizana ndi zokhudzana ndi ngongole zakunja, zovomerezeka, misonkhano yayikulu komanso maiko ena akuimira mphamvu za ku China, komanso mgwirizanowu wa mgwirizanowu wokhudzana ndi chuma ndi ndale, idakhazikitsa gawo la Middle State.

China Mu Xix W.