Chigawochi ndi zimene ndondomeko za mapangidwe a zigawo ndi chiyani?

Pakali pano, anthu ochepa akhoza kunena kuti chigawo ichi kuyambira Kupititsa kugawikana kwa dziko ikuchitika mosiyana. chodabwitsa amenewa amanena za nthawi ya Russian ufumu wa USSR ndi RSFSR.

Zigawo ankaona mayunitsi apamwamba a boma komanso Kupititsa Chigawo cha boma. Iwo chikalata kuchokera 1708 mpaka 1929 chifukwa cha ntchito yomanga ya boma absolutist. mayunitsi Kupititsa mukupita ndi abwanamkubwa.

kutanthauzira mawu akuti

Kuti tiyankhe funso chigawo chimene, ife titembenukira kwa etymology mawu. Mawu akuti "m'chigawo" anachokera ku mawu Latin "GuBeRnAtoR" kutanthauza "wolamulira." Twente-chinayi December 1708 ndi Peter Wamkulu inaika lamulo pa nsoka wa boma mu mayunitsi latsopano utsogoleri - zigawo. Mpaka chaka chino, Russian Ufumu inkakhala zigawo 166. Motero, maiko 8 unakhazikitsidwa.

Takambirana kale zafotokozedwa pamwamba kodi mawu "m'chigawo". Kenako, tikambirana funso la zochitika za zikamera wa latsopano Kupititsa-utsogoleri mayunitsi mwatsatanetsatane.

Kukonza loyamba Peter

Pangani zigawo zinachitika mogwirizana ndi lamulo la mfumu. Koyamba mzere-zinali motere:

1. Moscow m'chigawo: dera la dera Moscow lero, madera ambiri a Tula, Vladimir, Kaluga, Kostroma, Ivanovo ndipo Ryazan zigawo.
2. m'chigawo Ingrian (patapita zaka ziwiri anadzatchedwa St. Petersburg). Amaphatikiza Leningrad ano, Novgorod, Tver, Pskov, Arkhangelsk kum'mwera, kumadzulo kwa Vologda, Yaroslavl zigawo ndi Karelia.
3. Archangelgorod Governorate, zimene zinaphatikizapo Arkhangelsk, Murom, Vologda dera, gawo la Kostroma, Karelia ndi Komi.
4. Monga mbali ya chigawo cha Kiev - Little Russia, Akamva Belgorod ndi Sevsk, gawo la Orel, Belgorod, Bryansk, Tula, Kaluga, Kursk zigawo.
5. Smolensk Province m'gulu Smolensk panopa dera, gawo Bryansk, Tverskoj, Kaluga ndi Tula zigawo.
6. m'chigawo Kazan - ndi Volga ndi Bashkortostan, ndi Volga-Vyatka, gawo la Tambov, Penza, Perm, Ivanovo ndipo Kostroma m'madera mbali wakumpoto wa Dagestan ndi Kalmykia.
7. Azovskaya limapangidwa gawo la Tula, Orlovskaya, Ryazan, Kursk, Belgorod, onse Voronezh, Rostov, Tambov, gawo Kharkov, Lugano, Donetsk ndi Penza zigawo.
8. Monga mbali ya chigawo cha Siberia - Siberia, ambiri a Urals ndi, Kirov dera ndi gawo la Republic of Komi.

Kodi chidwi, pofika cha 1719 anali m'zigawo khumi. Izi zinachitika chifukwa chakuti pali sankawabisira Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan ndi Riga Province. Pa mutu wa unit Kupititsa anali wolamulira wamkulu, ndipo aliyense gawo la zigawo walunjika Landrat.

The chachiwiri utsogoleri Chigawo cha zigawo (kusintha chachiwiri Petra Velikogo)

Kusintha chachiwiri chinachitika mu 1719, 29 May. Patapita ake m'chigawo lidagawikana m'zigawozigawo lotsogoleredwa ndi warlord ndi maiko, kenako, anawagawa zigawo ndi atsogoleri a dziko Commissioner. Choncho anapanga maiko 47 amene amapanga zigawo 9, kupatulapo Reval (tsopano Tallinn) ndi Astrakhan (iwo mbali). Mabuku a nthawi kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane m'chigawo chiyani ndipo mphamvu izo anapatsidwa.

Wachitatu kusintha utsogoleri

Kodi m'chigawo pa tsiku la mtsogolo? Pa kusintha lachitatu utsogoleri kuchotsedwa zigawozo ndi zigawo analowa kachiwiri. Zotsatira zake zinali zigawo 250 oyang'anira zigawo 14. Anapanga Belgorod ndi maiko Novgorod, zigawo anayamba kutsogolera atsogoleri chigawo cha amazikonda anthu otchuka.

Komabe, anthu otchuka m'dera zasautsa ufumu, kuti amve ngati ambuye a dziko. Kapangidwe utsogoleri anali wolimba kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo ngati unit latsopano kuoneka, ndiye chifukwa kupeza dera. Kumapeto kwa October 1775 monga mbali ya boma Russian anali m'zigawo 23, zigawo 62, 276 zigawo.

Catherine Kusintha Great

Lamulo Catherine wa 7 November 1775 limanena kuti m'pofunika kuiperekeza gawo loyang'anira boma. Pangani zigawo anaima, ndipo alipo utachepa, m'chigawo kuchotsedwa ndipo anasintha mfundo kupanga zigawo. Mfundo yofunika anali kuti County akhale anthu 20-30 zikwi, komanso a m'madera -. About 300-400 zikwi.

Ndi cholinga cha kusintha anali kulimbitsa mphamvu pambuyo nkhondo ya Emelyana Pugacheva. Abwanamkubwa ndi abwanamkubwa anagonjera kuyang'aniridwa khoti linalamula, lotsogoledwa ndi loya wa boma ndi Senate.

Pakutha ulamuliro Catherine II monga gawo la Russia kunapezeka kuti 48 governorships, zigawo 2, 1 dera ndi Mumakhalako Don Cossacks. Kazembe-General amasankhidwa ndi Mfumukazi, zigawo ankatsogoleredwa ndi msilikali akazembe-apolisi. Mpaka 1796 chilengedwe cha governorships latsopano chifukwa inalowa m'zigawozigawo.

salinso funso anayamba anthu m'chigawo kuti ndi chomwe analengedwera. Zikamera mayunitsi latsopano utsogoleri anakhalabe pafupifupi padera.

Paulo kusintha Ine ndi Alexander I

Education zigawo mu ulamuliro wa Paulo Ine zinachitika chifukwa cha kuchotsa mayina a mayunitsi utsogoleri. Kusintha mu 1776, panali kusakanikirana: kazembe mwalamulo anakhala oyang'anira zigawo, madera, kumene kunali imabwera wopanduka kapena kuukira yachilendo, anakhalabe pansi abwanamkubwa-zikuyenera.

Galimoto zigawo Control nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Alexander I sanasinthe, koma nthawi mu zaka 1801 kuti 1802, anathetsa gawo limzake.

Taganizirani zimene anali m'chigawo nthawi imeneyi. Tikumbukenso magawano mayunitsi Kupititsa m'magulu 2: mu gawo European la Russia ndi obschegubernskaya bungwe (ongokhala - 51 chigawo), kunja kwa mzinda wa kuunikira dongosolo Boma General (zonse 3 chigawo). M'madera ena - Kuban, Ural, Transbaikal, Don Asilikali, Terek - akazembe onse ataman asilikali Cossack. Mu 1816 panali 12 governorships, ndi mbali ya zigawo 3-5.

A m'chigawo kuderali

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana XIX zinabala madera 20 - mayunitsi utsogoleri ndi ofanana ndi oyang'anira zigawo. Mawu "malo" mosiyana kunja "m'chigawo" woona wakale Asilavo ndipo limatanthauza "Kukhala" (umwini).

Area ili m'madera m'malire m'mayiko ena, iwo sanakhoze Duma awo ndipo linapuwalanso malamulo ena zoyendetsera akazembe ankhondo ndipo anali ndi boma-General. Iwo zimatithandiza zida za boma ndi kuchuluka kugonjera panokha kwa bwanamkubwa.

Woyamba wolamulira wamkulu mu Russia - AD Menshikov - machimo ofesi mu 1703

ndodo Administrative monga 1914

M'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri mu zigawo wagawo boma wakhala zotsatira zake. Kuyambira 1907 mpaka 1910, pa kusintha Stolypin, izo anakhazikitsa Council la United otchuka.

Boma wogwirizira akugwirabe magawano zigawo anali kutsogolera anatumiza zigawo ndi zigawo - wamba. Likufanana ndi ichi, kachitidwe ka Soviet Union anapanga zotsutsana ndi Provisional boma.

Nthawi Soviet

Koyamba magawano akuzigawo anakhalabe patapita nthawi kusintha October 1917, koma unakhazikitsidwa Committee Executive Provincial. Komiti imeneyi wamkulu amusankha pa msonkhano zigawo za Soviet Union.

Pakutha 1918 monga mbali ya boma panali 78 zigawo, m'nyengo mpaka 1920. 25 iwo agwirizana Finland, Poland ndi Baltic States. Kuyambira 1920 mpaka 1923. m'dziko lonse la RSFSR panali latsopano yoyenda yokha mayunitsi - anapanga chigawo latsopano chaka chilichonse.

The zikuchokera zonse zinasintha, koma chifukwa cha kusintha mu 1929, m'chigawo potsiriza osaonekanso, panali zigawo ndi m'madera, ndipo, iwonso, anaphatikizapo chigawo County, mabungwe kumudzi, kuti tisunge lero.

pomaliza

M'nkhaniyi tiona kutchulidwa chigawo chimene anali pa dera la Russia. Komanso takambirana malingaliro ofunika mbiri ya zikamera wa utsogoleri-Kupititsa mayunitsi osiyana.