Chida mphamvu. History of mphamvu chida. mphamvu Russian chida

Maroketi monga zida ankadziwika mitundu yambiri ndi kukhazikitsa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Akukhulupirira kuti iwo anadza ngakhale pamaso mfuti mbiya. Choncho, kwambiri Russian ambiri komanso wasayansi K. I. Konstantinov analemba kuti pamodzi ndi Kutulukira zida zankhondo analowa ntchito, ndi mivi. Iwo ntchito kulikonse kumene onga ya Mzimu inagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndipo pamene iwo anayamba ntchito zolinga usilikali, ndiye, ichi ndi analenga mphamvu yapadera chida. M'nkhani ino tikukamba pa zikamera ndi kukula kwa mtundu anati kwa chida ku makombola kuyenda danga.

Kodi izo zonse zinayamba

Malinga ndi mbiri ya boma, onga kupangidwa mu China pafupifupi 11 m'ma AD. Komabe zilizonse za Chinese samabwera ndi chilichonse chabwino kuposa ntchito kudzaza makombola. Ndipo tsopano, patatha zaka zingapo "ŵakusanga" azungu analenga wamphamvu kwambiri onga Chinsinsi ndipo pomwepo anapeza ntchito kwa izo yowoneka: .. mfuti, mabomba, etc. Chabwino, kusiya kwa olemba mbiri ndi mawu a chikumbumtima. Inu ndi ine anali mu China wakale, chifukwa kuti simuyenera. Ndipo kodi zinthu zolembedwa za ntchito yoyamba ya zida usilikali?

The hayala wa asilikali Russian (1607-1621) monga umboni zopelekedwa

chakuti mu Russia ndi ku Ulaya, asilikali atadziwa kupanga chipangizo, kusunga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mbendera, maroketi incendiary ndi makombola, akutiuza kuti 'hayala karate, Cannon ndi zina zokhudza sayansi ankhondo. " Iwo wapangidwa ndi nkhani 663 ndi malamulo osankhidwa mabuku yachilendo asilikali. Ndiko kuti, chikalata ichi akutsimikiza kuti kuli zida ankhondo a Europe ndi Russia, koma paliponse pali amatchula kuzigwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji pa nkhondo iliyonse. Komabe, Ndizachidziwikire kuti iwo anagwiritsa ntchito kamodzi iwo ali m'manja mwa asilikali.

Pa njira iyi yaminga ...

Ngakhale kusamvetsa ndi kuopa chilichonse akuluakulu latsopano nkhondo, Russian chida mphamvu chete m'nthambi otchuka utumiki. asilikali Modern n'zokayikitsa popanda roketi a. Komabe, njira ya chitukuko n'kovuta kwambiri.

Mwalamulo, asilikali Russian anatenga poyamba chizindikiro (kuyatsa) zida 1717. Patapita zaka pafupifupi zaka zana, mu 1814-1817 gg., Usilikali wasayansi AI Kartmazov anafuna kutchuka akuluakulu kuthana maroketi mkulu zachiwawa ndi incendiary (2, 2.5 ndi 3.6 inchi) wopanga okha. Iwo anali kuthawa osiyanasiyana 1.5-3 Km. Muziona iwo ndipo sakuvomereza.

Mu 1815-1817 gg. Russian zida zankhondo AD Zasyadko komanso invents chimodzimodzi moyo zipolopolo, ndipo nawonso, musaphonye ndi akuluakulu a asilikali. Ulendo wotsatira anapangidwa mu 1823-1825 gg. Pambuyo ambiri maopaleshoni Utumiki wa nkhondo, lingaliro potsiriza afike ndiponso asilikali Russian anabwera maroketi woyamba asilikali (2, 2.5, 3 ndi 4-inchi). Flight mtunda anali 1-2,7 Km.

Izi zinawachitikira m'ma 19

Mu 1826 akuyamba kuŵeta la zida anati. Kuti muchite izi St. Petersburg atalenga roketi bungwe. Mu April chaka chotsatira anapanga woyamba roketi kampani (mu 1831 izo anadzatchedwa mu batire la). Izi wagawo nkhondowo anafuna kanthu olowa ndi apakavalo ndi oyenda. Koma mwambo umenewu ndi mbiri boma la asilikali chida cha dziko lathu.

ubatizo wa moto

Kwa nthawi yoyamba Russian asilikali chida ankagwiritsa ntchito August 1827 mu Caucasus pa Chirasha aku Iran nkhondo (1826-1828.). Chaka chotsatira, pa nkhondo ndi Turkey, iwo timakondanso lamulo pa kuzinga Varna anapangidwa. Choncho, nkhondo ya 1828 mu 1191 zida za maganizo, zomwe 380 ndi 811 mkulu-zachiwawa incendiary. Kuyambira pamenepo, magulu chida zimapezeka mu nkhondo nawo nkhondo.

Asilikali injiniya K. A. Shilder

Uyu luso 1834 anayamba mamangidwe amene anabweretsa mabomba mu msinkhu wina wa chitukuko. chipangizo anafuna mobisa Launch mzinga, wakhala anapambutsa mtundu kalozera chubu. Komabe, patsogolo sanasiye Schilder. Iye anayamba mivi ndi zotsatira kumatheka zachiwawa. Komanso, iye anali woyamba mu dziko elektrozapaly ntchito kuti azinyadira mafuta olimba. Komanso mu 1834, chaka Schilder cholinga ndipo ngakhale kuyesedwa woyamba chida kumangopitirizabe nthunzi ndipo sitima zapamadzi mu dziko. Iye anakhazikitsa pa maboti ndi zida Launch unsembe ndi pamwamba ndi zinthu m'madzi. Monga mukuonera, zoyambirira za m'ma 19 amakhala ndi chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mtundu wa chida.

Mkulu General K. I. Konstantinov

Mu 1840-1860 gg. amathandiza kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha zida mzinga, komanso chiphunzitso cha ntchito zake nkhondowo anapanga woimira Russian zida zankhondo sukulu, zatsopano ndi wasayansi K. I. Konstantinov. ntchito ya sayansi, iye zinasinthiratu ndi roketi, kotero kuti makina Russian watenga malo kutsogolera dziko. Iye anayamba ndizosowa mphamvu komanso njira sayansi kupanga mtundu uwu zida. chiwerengero A zipangizo ndi zipangizo kwa kudziwa ntchito ballistic. Wasayansi anapanga ngati Albucasis m'munda wa zotsimikizira maroketi, ku misa-zokolola. Iye anapanga kusiyana yaikulu mu chuma chitetezo cha ndondomeko njira zamakono kupanga zida zankhondo.

Konstantinov anayamba amphamvu kwambiri launchers roketi ndi makina iwo. Chifukwa, pazipita osiyanasiyana 5.3 Km. Kuyambira makina akhala zambiri kunyamula, yabwino ndi angwiro, iwo kupereka molondola mkulu ndi mlingo wa moto, makamaka m'mapiri. Mu 1856, mbewu chida udaikidwa ndi Konstantinov mu Nikolaev.

The Moor wachita ntchito

M'zaka za m'ma 19, asilikali zida ndi zida zankhondo anapanga tumphatumpha kwambiri patsogolo chitukuko ndi kugawa. Mwachitsanzo, miyala asilikali anali mu utumiki m'maboma onse ankhondo. Panalibe warship limodzi ndi panyanja m'munsi, kumene ntchito asilikali chida. Iwo amagwira ntchito nkhondo wakumunda ndi atazunguliridwa ndi asilikali ake a linga, ndi zina zotero. D. Koma pofika cha m'ma 19 mivi anali wolephera mwapang'onopang'ono Cannon zida zankhondo, makamaka maonekedwe a losatha rifled mfuti. Ndiyeno 1890. Iye anali mapeto a magulu chida: mtundu wa chida achoka msika lonse.

Kwakusiyana Kanyama: ngati Phoenix ndi ...

Ngakhale kukana a magulu ankhondo mzinga, asayansi anapitiriza ntchito yawo pa mtundu wa chida. Choncho, MM Pomortsev akufuna njira zatsopano za kuwonjezeka kwa ndege mtunda ndi olondola. I. V. Volovsky anayamba roketi onsewo mtundu Mipikisano barreled ndege launchers pansi ofotokoza. NV Gerasimov cholinga nkhondowo antiaircraft olimba Anzawo.

Vuto lalikulu kuti pakhale njira imeneyi anali chosowa chimango ndi ongolankhula. Kuti athetse vuto limeneli, gulu la asayansi Russian mu mochedwa 19 ndi m'ma 20 anakonza Titanic ntchito ndipo anapanga zopereka kwambiri pa ganizo la ndege zosagwiritsa. Komabe, woyambitsa wa chiphunzitso logwirizana la mphamvu roketi ndi danga anakhala K. E. Tsiolkovsky. Izi wasayansi lopambana kuyambira 1883, ndipo mpaka masiku otsiriza a moyo wake ntchito pa njira yothetsera mavuto mu roketi ndi danga ndege. Iwo anatsimikiza za nkhani yaikulu chiphunzitso cha ndege zosagwiritsa.

The ntchito chosadzikonda asayansi ambiri Russian anapereka kutsogolera zatsopano chitukuko cha zida izi, ndipo, chotero, moyo watsopano ndi mphamvu ili. Masiku ano asilikali athu dziko danga kugwirizana ndi mayina a otchuka - Tsiolkovsky ndi Mfumukazi.

Soviet Russia

Zitasintha, ntchito anaima pa mizinga sanali, monga mu 1933, Institute Research ndege ngakhale kukhala mu Moscow. Iwo lalembedwa ndi asayansi Soviet ballistic ndi mivi sitima ndi raketoplanery experimental. Komanso, anayamba mivi kwambiri patsogolo ndi launchers kwa iwo. Izi zikuphatikizapo chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa dzina lodziwika bwino nkhondowo galimoto BM-13 "Katyusha". Mu RNII zinandipangitsa angapo kutulukira. A zovuta ntchito mayunitsi, zipangizo, ndi machitidwe amene analandira kenako ntchito mu roketi zomangamanga.

Great kukonda dziko lako Nkhondo

"Katyusha" wakhala woyamba angapo machitidwe Launch roketi dziko. Ndipo Chofunika, chilengedwe cha makina chinathandiza resumption a magulu wapadera chida. Ndi chiyambi cha World nkhondo II nkhondowo galimoto BM-13 anaikidwa mu utumiki. Zovuta zimene zinkachitika mu 1941, anafuna kulowa othamanga wa mzinga latsopano. Industrial kukonzanso yakhala ikuchitidwa mu nthawi yaifupi zotheka. Ndipo mu August, kupanga mtundu wa zida nawo mafakitale 214. Monga tidanena pamwamba, asilikali akhala kachiwiri cholinga mphamvu chida, koma panthawi ya nkhondo anaitanidwa alonda matope mayunitsi, ndipo, kenako, mpaka pano - zotakasika zida zankhondo.

Kulimbana galimoto BM-13 "Katyusha"

Choyamba GMCH ogaŵikana mapanelo ndi magulu. Choncho, choyamba chida batire, imene inali 7 zomera woyendetsa ndi wochepa zipolopolo, molamulidwa ndi Captain Flerov chinapangidwa mkati mwa masiku atatu ndi 2 July lolunjika pa Front Western. Ndipo pa July 14, "Katyusha" zipolopolo salvo wake woyamba pa Nkhondo ya Orsha pasiteshoni ya sitima (nkhondowo galimoto BM-13 zikusonyezedwa chithunzi).

asilikali chida mu kuwonekera koyamba kugulu lake nakantha inatembenuka nthawi yomweyo kuwombera 112 zipolopolo. Chifukwa, pa siteshoni woyaka chowala: zipolopolo chakumene, moto sitima. Firestorm anawonongedwa ndi mdani anthu oti ndi zida za nkhondo. The nkhondowo mphamvu ya mivi kuposa mmene ankaganizira. M'zaka za Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World panali tumphatumpha kwambiri pa chitukuko cha luso ndege, zimene zinachititsa kuti kufalikira kwambiri kwa GMCH. Pakutha kwa nkhondo asilikali chida inkakhala magulu 40 payekha, 115 regiments, 40 brigades osiyana ndi 7 m'magulu - mwa zigawo zonse 519.

Ngati mukufuna mtendere - kukonzekera nkhondo

Nkhondo itatha, roketi zida zankhondo anapitiriza kukula - kuchuluka zosiyanasiyana, yolondola moto ndi mphamvu salvo. m'badwo wonse zinalengedwa mwa Soviet asilikali zovuta 40 mbiya 122 mm MLRS "Grad" ndi "prima", 16-barreled 220 mm MLRS "mphepo yamkuntho" kuonetsetsa kugonjetsedwa kwa mipherezero pa mtunda wa 35 Km. Mu 1987, izo zinalengedwa ndi 12-mbiya 300 mm losatha MLRS "Smerch", omwe lero alibe analogues mu dziko. Osiyanasiyana kulephera cholinga cha unsembe uwu 70 Km kutali. Komanso, Ankhondo analandira mwatsatanetsatane, mwatsatanetsatane ndi odana ndi thanki kachitidwe.

zida

Mu 50s Mu zaka zapitazo panali gulu la asilikali chida ku mbali zosiyanasiyana. Koma roketi zida zankhondo anakhalabe malo ake ndi lero. mtundu watsopano zinalengedwa - ichi odana ndi chida mphamvu ndi magulu njira. mayunitsi akhazikika pa dziko, pa nyanja, pa madzi ndi mu mlengalenga. Choncho, odana ndi ndege asilikali zida monga mtundu osiyana asilikali awa akuimira podziteteza koma mayunitsi amenewa kukhalapo mu apanyanja. Ndi chilengedwe zida za nyukiliya adanyamuka funso waukulu: kupulumutsa mlandu kuti akupita? Mu USSR, kusankha linapangidwa mu mtima wa chida cha, chifukwa panali Strategic roketi Zikuchititsa.

Magawo chitukuko ya Strategic chida Zikuchititsa

1. 1959-1965 ,. - chilengedwe, analamula, staging tcheru intercontinental mivi ballistic, angathe kuthetsa vuto la chikhalidwe njira zosiyanasiyana m'madera asilikali ndiponso madera. Mu 1962, Strategic chida Mphamvu anatenga gawo mu "Anadyr" ntchito ya usilikali, chifukwa mu Cuba anali mobisa anaika mivi sing'anga-osiyanasiyana.
2. 1965-1973 gg. - pa kutumizgika ICBMs m'badwo wachiwiri. Kusintha kwa Strategic chida Mphamvu mu chigawo chachikulu cha mphamvu ya nyukiliya wa USSR.
3. 1973-1985 gg. - zida RVSN mbadwo wachitatu mivi ndi mbali warhead ndi zidutswa za malangizo payekha.
4. Mu 1985-1991. - kuwonongedwa kwa mizinga wapakatikati-zosiyanasiyana ndi zida RVNS machitidwe m'badwo wachinayi.
5. Mu 1992-1995. - mapeto a ICBMs ku Ukraine, Belarus ndi Kazakhstan. Anapanga Russian Strategic chida Zikuchititsa.
6. Ya 1996-2000. - kumayambiriro wachisanu-m'badwo chida "Topol-M". Yonseyi usilikali Space Mphamvu, Strategic chida Mphamvu ndi chida ndi Space silikhali.
7. 2001 - RVSN n'kukhala 2 Asilikali onyamula zida - ndi Strategic chida Mphamvu ndi Space Zikuchititsa.

Pomaliza

Njira ya chitukuko ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa asilikali chida m'malo sakanikira. Iwo ali akuluakulu ake ndi zotsika, ndi ngakhale Kupha lathunthu "zida" mu makamu a dziko m'zaka 19 mochedwa. Komabe, roketi, ngati Phoenix kuuka kwa phulusa la Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World ndipo dwi mu zovuta nkhondo.

Ndipo ngakhale kuti pa zaka 70 zapitazi, asilikali chida akhala akukonza ndi kusintha kwambiri kapangidwe gulu, mitundu, njira ya ntchito zawo nkhondowo, iwo nthawi zonse kusunga ntchito imene akhoza kutchulidwa mawu ochepa okha: kukhala cholepheretsa ndi olusa zimatilepheretsa dziko. Mu Russia, November 19 akuti ndi tsiku katswiri wa asilikali zida ndi zida zankhondo. Lero anali ovomerezedwa ndi Pulezidenti Watsimikiza nambala 549 ya 31.05.2006 chaka. Zoyenera chithunzi limasonyeza chizindikiro cha mphamvu Russian chida.