Chemosynthesis ndi chiyani? n'zofanana ndi dzuwa ndi chiyani?

M'nkhaniyi tiona zimene zikuchitika zamoyo chemosynthesis. Iyi ndi njira imodzi mphamvu ya zamoyo zimene zimachitika mwachibadwa mu mabakiteriya ena wamoyo.

Njira zamoyo chakudya

Kumvetsa zimene chemosynthesis, choyamba muyenera kukumbukira mmene chakudya limatanthauza ntchito zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Pa mfundo imeneyi kusiyanitsa magulu awiri a zilombo: hetero ndi autotrophs. Woyamba amatha kudya zosakaniza organic wokonzeka. Mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya ndi odzipereka ndi kutembenuza ndi apadera kapena vacuoles a dongosolo m'mimba. Kodi nyama heterotrophic, bowa, ena mabakiteriya.

mitundu ya autotrophs

zamoyo Autotrophic okha apanga zinthu organic amene anapitiriza ntchito kuchita njira zosiyanasiyana moyo. Malinga ndi gwero mphamvu ntchito mu nkhani iyi, komabe kusiyanitsa magulu awiri a zamoyo. Izi chithunzi ndi chemotroph. Oimira oyamba ndi zomera. Iwo lithe chakudya shuga pa dzuwa. Zimenezi zikachitika okha chloroplasts plastids wobiriwira mu kukhalapo kwa dzuwa, madzi ndi mpweya. Chemotroph ena mabakiteriya. Pakuti kaphatikizidwe wa organic iwo ayenera zosiyanasiyana mankhwala, zomwe iwo oxidize. Kufanana ndi chemosynthesis dzuwa ndi luso kupanga kudziletsa zamoyo ayenera zinthu kwa chilengedwe kudzipereka mpweya, madzi ndi mchere salt.

Chemosynthesis: tanthauzo ndi mbiri wotulukira

Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane. Kodi chemosynthesis? Izi ndi njira imodzi ya mphamvu autotrophic pa zimene makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mankhwala mchere kwa kaphatikizidwe organic. Tsopano ife tikupeza, mu zimene zamoyo zimachitika chemosynthesis. Izi luso lapadera mwachibadwa adzalandira kokha mitundu ina ya prokaryotes. Zimenezi unakhazikitsidwa m'ma 19 Russian wasayansi Sergei Nikolaevich Vinogradskii. Ntchito Komiti zasayansi Antona De Bary, anazindikira zinachitikira mbadwo mphamvu chifukwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni a sulfa. Zamoyo kuti amatha kuchita ndondomeko mankhwala izi, anaitana anorgoksidantami. Pophunzira ofufuza anakwanitsa kupeza ndi asafe-chikukonzekera mabakiteriya. Asanatulukire kuti chemosynthetic autotrophic ndondomeko thupi kokha photosynthesis zomera ndi cyanobacteria.

Kusiyana ndi kufanana kwa dzuwa ndi chemosynthesis

Onse chakudya cha mtundu ndi autotrophic pulasitiki kagayidwe, kapena kuloŵerera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'kupita kwa njira imeneyi ndi mapangidwe zinthu organic ndi kuwombola mpweya. Choncho kuyambira reagents ndi mchere pawiri. Kamera & chemosynthesis ndi njira za kufalitsidwa kwa zinthu mu biosphere lapansi. Mitundu yonse ya autotrophs kupereka zinthu zofunika pa moyo wa osati okha komanso zamoyo zina. Mwachitsanzo, mpweya ndi kusanduka pa dzuwa. Nkofunikira kuti zamoyo zonse kwa kupuma. A chemotrophic nitrifying mabakiteriya kutembenuza mumlengalenga asafe mu boma kumene akhoza chosakanikirana ndi zomera.

Koma pakati pa mitundu ya zakudya, pali kusiyana. Chemosynthesis amapezeka maselo bakiteriya amene mulibe wobiriwira pigment chlorophyll. Komanso, iwo ntchito kwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa pawiri zinthu chokha choona: sulfure, asafe, wa hydrogen kapena chitsulo. Makamaka zofunika motere kudya mu malo amenewo, pamene dzuwa palibe. Choncho, pa kuya kwambiri akhoza kukhala chemotroph yekha. Pakuti ndondomeko ya dzuwa m'pofunika dzuwa mphamvu. Komanso, zomera, ndondomeko izi zimachitika zokha maselo apadera munali wobiriwira pigment chlorophyll. choyambilira wina ndi kupezeka kwa kotunga phototrophic mpweya woipa.

chitsulo bakiteriya

Kodi chemosynthesis, tingaganizire chitsanzo cha mabakiteriya kuti atembenuke chitsulo pawiri. anatulukira komanso uli S. N. Vinogradskomu. Mu chikhalidwe, iwo inafalitsidwa mu madzi atsopano ndi mchere. Akamanena za chemosynthetic awo ndi kusintha valence yachitsulo awiri atatu. Izi akumasula pang'ono mphamvu. Choncho, mabakiteriya chitsulo ndikofunikira kugwira njira iyi kwambiri.

Popeza mabakiteriya ndi mwa zamoyo amakezana, chifukwa cha moyo wawo pa dziko anapanga madipoziti yaikulu ya chitsulo ndi manganese ores. Mu prokaryotes makampani deta kuti apange mkuwa koyera.

mabakiteriya sulfure

prokaryotes izi yafupika pawiri sulfure. Phunziro kwa zinthu izi, ndondomeko chemosynthesis linatsegulidwa. Mtundu wa mabakiteriya makutidwe ndi okosijeni ntchito sulfide wa hydrogen, sulfides, sulfates, polythionates ndi zinthu zina. Ena prokaryotes gulu ili pa chemosynthesis kudziunjikira elemental sulfure. Izi angayambe onse maselo ndi kupitirira. Luso limeneli ntchito pothetsa vuto la aeration zina ndi acidification wa dothi.

Natural chilengedwe mabakiteriya malo sulfure abwino ndi mchere madzi. Mumadziwika milandu mapangidwe zamoyo izi symbioses ndi mphutsi chubu ndi mollusks amene amakhala sludge, ndipo zone pansi.

Asafe-chikukonzekera mabakiteriya

Kufunika chemosynthesis mu chikhalidwe ndi makamaka anatsimikiza mu ntchito ya asafe-chikukonzekera prokaryotes. Ambiri a iwo amakhala pa mizu ya nyemba ndi mbewu monga chimanga. mchitidwe awo ndi matanthauzo opindulitsa. Zomera kupereka chakudya prokaryotes amene apanga pa dzuwa. Ndipo mabakiteriya kubala asafe wofunikila kutukula a dongosolo muzu.

Isanafike anapeza katundu wa mtundu uwu maganizo amene ali ndi luso lapadera masamba nyemba. Patapita anatuluka kuti zomera sakuchita nawo m'kati asafe fixation, ndondomeko ikuchitika mabakiteriya amene amakhala mu mizu.

Mtundu uwu wa prokaryotes amapereka mitundu iwiri ya mmene zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimachitikira. Chifukwa, kutembenuka loyamba limapezeka amoniya kuti ku feteleza. Solutions zinthu izi kulowa mpesa mwa dongosolo mizu. mabakiteriya amatchedwa nitrifying. gulu lina la prokaryotes ngati otembenuka nitrate kuti mpweya asafe. Iwo amatchedwa denitrifying mabakiteriya. Chifukwa cha ntchito yawo losonkhanitsidwa ndi kosalekeza elementi mankhwala chikhalidwe.

Asafe-chikukonzekera mabakiteriya mizu ya zomera kudutsa mu malo choipa kapena kudzera yophimba minofu tsitsi suction nthambi. Akalowa, maselo prokaryotic anayamba mwakhama gawo, chifukwa mu mapangidwe protrusions ambiri. Zimaonekera kwa apoyera. Munthu amagwiritsa chuma cha mabakiteriya asafe-chikukonzekera kuti kupereka nthaka ku feteleza zachilengedwe, imbaenda kuchuluka zokolola.

Nature ndi chemosynthesis

Chemosynthesis udindo m'chilengedwe n'zovuta Musaone. The makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mankhwala zochita kupanga mu chikhalidwe ndi mbali yofunika ya makope ambiri a zinthu mu biosphere lapansi. Chemotroph wachibale kulamulidwa ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa zimapangitsa anthu okhala yekha wa mabeseni kwambiri nyanja ndi mabacteria kugaŵikana.

Ammonia ndi sulfide wa hydrogen ndi kukonzedwa deta prokaryotes ndi zinthu chakupha. Pankhaniyi mtengo chemosynthesis ndi n'chongoletsa mankhwala awa. Mu sayansi amenewa akuti chikudziwika ngati "MAB mobisa". Iwo anapanga zinthu zokhazo moyo sayenera ngakhale kuwala kapena mpweya. katundu yapaderayi wogwidwa ndi mabakiteriya anaerobic.

Choncho, m'nkhani, tidadzatulukira zimene chemosynthesis. Akamanena za ndondomeko imeneyi chagona pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mankhwala zochita kupanga. zamoyo Chemosynthetic ena yonse ya prokaryotes: sulfure, mabakiteriya chitsulo ndi asafe-chikukonzekera.