Chachikhumi - Limodzi ... mu Russia wakale

Limodzi anachita muyeso dziko gawo kukhala amakona anayi parallelogram mawonekedwe ndi mitundu iwiri ya m'mbali mwake:

• 80 30 mayadi - "makumi atatu";
• 60 40 mayadi - "sorokovke".

Iye anapatsidwa dzina "breech chachikhumi" ndipo anapanga yaikulu Russian muyeso dziko.

Kumasulira kwa chiphunzitso cha

Chachikhumi - Russian unit wa muyeso kalelo, poyerekezera ndi malo dziko, chimene chili ndi fathoms 2,400 lalikulu (za 1,09 mahekitala) ndipo lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito Russia pamaso kukhazikitsa njira yapadera chinkafunika.

Ndi ofunika tanthauzo la mawu akuti "kunenera" - Russian muyeso wa m'litali, amene anatsimikiza ndi kukula pafupifupi m'thupi la munthu. Mwachitsanzo, yaing'ono mapazi asanu ndi awiri - kuchokera phewa pansi, ndi oblique - kuchokera mkati mwa mwendo kumanzere phazi pamwamba pa zala za dzanja lake lamanja anamuukitsa.

Mfundo za mbiri ndi za kwa lingaliro ili

Amadziwika kuti kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XV m'dera malo ambiri amayezedwa mbali ziwiri. Limodzi dziko ankaimira mawonekedwe zojambula monga zosemphana ndi mbali wofanana 1/10 wa mamita (2500 sq. Mayadi). Mogwirizana ndi malangizo chosaiwalika chibwenzi ku chaka 1753, kukula kwake anali ukugwira kuti fathoms 2,400 lalikulu (mahekitala 1.0925).

The kufanizitsa wakale Russian muyeso wa dziko

Pa XVIII mochedwa - oyambirira XX zaka. amagwiranso ntchito chakhumi, dera chomwe umaimiridwa ndi mitundu monga:

1. Kukondera - fathoms 80 40 (3,200 mabwalo).
2. Round - 60 60 mayadi (3600 mabwalo).
3. Mazana - fathoms 100 100 (mabwalo 10,000).
4. Vwende - mayadi 80 10 (800 mabwalo), ndipo ena.

Kenaka atatha October kuukira boma, polingalira za kusintha kwa dongosolo chinkafunika, monga mwa lamulo la SNK wa RSFSR ndi anailemba 14 September 1918, chakhumi cha muyeso mokwanira ntchito, ndi September 1, 1927 yoletsedwa palimodzi.

Limodzi m'mbuyomu, ndipo wamba ena pa mayunitsi nthawi:

• inchi (0.045 m);
• pabwalo (0.71 m);
• versta (1.06 km);
• mapazi asanu ndi limodzi (2.13 m).

M'pofunikanso kukumbutsa kuti chachikhumi m'dziko anali ofanana mawu a mayunitsi wathu wa mahekitala 1,09.

Chinanso cha ntchito zosiyana

Chakhumi ku Russia - izo ndi mtundu wa msonkho umene kuti athandize atsogoleri a boma kapena anthu opembedza. Kusonkhanitsa kwa iye mu Dipatimenti ya mabishopu panali ena apadera kapitawo - desyatilnik.

Panthawiyo, chakhumi - kumakhalanso ang'ono-kakulidwe maparishi wa chigawocho, amene kutumikiridwa mu alonda tatchulawa, ndipo kenako - pa atsogoleri ansembe. Kuwonjezera iwo, m'maboma awa pambuyo Mitu Chikwi a tchalitchi kumeneko desyatskie ansembe akuchita zina za ntchito za boma tatchulawa. Iwo adasankhidwa mu Moscow kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII.

Magwero a liwu pansi review,

M'pofunikanso kukumbutsa kuti chachikhumi mu Russia wakale - ndi msonkho malipiro rusichi horde mu nthawi ya Mongol-Chitata goli. Dongosolo kulamulira mu masiku amenewo anapereka udindo monga kapitawo, Kenturiyo, zikwi, Prince. Ndipo mu mawonekedwe izo wakhalapo kwa mazana a zaka. Monga bwino, mu dongosolo pali chimodzimodzi muzu mawu - ndi kapitawo. Izi si mwachisawawa mphindi.

mawu Izi zikutanthauza ya boma, ndiko kuti, kusankha mmodzi wa phungu khumi bwino ndi mzake Mwachitsanzo, anthu wamba. Munthuyo anali otanganidwa atakhala osiyanasiyana mavuto pakati ndipo ankawathandiza ake mwa mudzi, mazana, etc. anamuthandiza ena mamembala - .. Alimi.

thandizo anali a khalidwe thupi - ntchito nthawi yambiri mu munda kapitawo, ndi ngati chuma - kulanda mbali ya zokolola zake. Choncho chakhumi 1 zaka 10% kapena nthawi ntchito, kapena mbewu kukolola. Iwo kulimbikitsa otchedwa nthata, amene adalowa mwa chiwalo cha anthu, kupatula kapitawo wa, chifukwa wamba.

Zofunika mawonekedwe chakhumi

Izo zikhoza kukhala zipatso ndi mbewu, ndiwo zamasamba, ndi vinyo, ndipo kenako nyama ankaziona ngati mankhwala a dziko. Ine sanailingalirepo msonkho Samakonza mu udindo wa ndalama zimene zinalembedwa m'chilamulo cha Mose, kuti ntchito pa dziko lonse wa Ambuye. ndalama ndi ntchito yokhayo kugula zimenezi mumzinda ndi sanasewere konse mlowamalo ofanana.

Chachikhumi - anali msonkho mu mawonekedwe a nyama ndi mphatso ya dziko lapansi. Palibe inanena m'malembo, kuti akhale zolemba kapena macheke banki kuikidwa pa thireyi ya mpingo mlungu uliwonse, monga momwe zilili mabungwe ano mpingo pa mabungwe zogwirizana.

Chakhumi: zingati

Amadziwika kuti malemba m'Baibulo Israel analamula nsembe chakhumi kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Iwo unagawidwa mu mitundu itatu. Malinga Chakale, chakhumi woyamba opatsirana ansembe ndi Alevi 10 - 100% ya kuchotsedwa ntchito lapansi loyamba m'zinthu sikisi.

Chachiwiri - anagonja pa maholide ndi zaka 10 - 90% ya gawo otsalira pambuyo kulanda chakhumi Alevi. Ugwire pamaso pa Ambuye. chakhumi Izi Wangopatulidwira pa chaka choyamba, chachiwiri, wachinayi ndi wachisanu. Chachitatu - kupatsa aumphawi 10 - 90%. Ankaona mtundu wa msonkho kulephereka chokhazikika pa chaka chachitatu ndi chimodzi. Palibe mitundu ake sililola pa chaka chiwiri (Sabata).

Kuti muyankhe funso ili: "Chachikhumi - zingati" - yovuta mbali masiku ano ngakhale atumiki mpingo.

Mbiri ya kupereka chachikhumi mu Chikhristu

Choyamba tidamva za lingaliro ili ku Old Testament. Mpheroyi kutchulidwa pa nkhani ya chakuti mphatso zonse za anthu a Ambuye, ndi kusunga ngakhale mbali zochepetsetsa za izo amaonedwa monga mwa kuba Mulungu. Palibe wokhulupirira ngakhale kumalo lingaliro si kupereka chakhumi.

Mu OT lothandiza analipo kachisi kapena mpingo, polingalira zomwe Neu, Abel ndi ena okhulupirika anachita ndalama kuti desyatinas mwachindunji panja. Chakuti ngati mukufuna munthu aliyense kumanga guwa munthu, komwe kunali kotheka kubweretsa msonkho kwa Mulungu.

Komabe, patapita kanthawi Ambuye wasankha anthu ndi anthu enieni ndondomeko kulambira ndi chachikhumi chopereka. Zonse, popanda yekha, iwo nayo nthawi ya masana a Mose katatu pa chaka.

Choncho, chakhumi - mtundu wa thandizo mpingo, anali kukhalabe unathandiza ndi utumiki, amene analimbikitsa ansembe malipilo ndi othandizira awo, kulalikira onse m'nyumba ndi m'kachisi.

miyambo amenewa ikuchitika pamaso pa kubwera kwa Yesu Khristu ndi kupachikidwa wake pa Kalvari. Pambuyo mtundu uwu wa nsembe Pambuyo kuwonongedwa kwa kachisi Kalvare, ndipo Akristu ena anamasulira izi ngati chiyembekezo chakuti la chachikhumi la. Komabe, mu Chipangano Chatsopano, tikhoza kuona kuti sichinayambe zimafika. Ngakhale sitili a mipingo chakhumi anali akadali kupereka, chifukwa ndi chida koyenera kuti kuli wamba monga atsogoleri achipembedzo komanso chipembedzo ambiri. Izo sizinali choncho kwambiri njira thandizo moyo ngati chizindikiro cha chikhulupiriro ndi kumvera.

Azitolera zopereka kwa ansembe ndi atumwi, kuulutsa ulaliki wake ku Yerusalemu, ndi kudutsa mdziko. Kuti atsimikizire mau a Yesu poyerekezera kuli anapitiriza zosonkhanitsira ake a malamulo ali Mabuku a Chipangano Chakale, Christianity mbali tchulani chitsanzo cha mawu ake: "sindinadza kupasula koma kukwaniritsa."

Mtengo wa 10 mu Chikhristu

Izi zimaonetsera ngati ungwiro poyerekezera ndi dongosolo la Mulungu ndi kuchita nambala yachitatu mu unyolo woyera - 3, 7, 10. Chiwerengero "khumi" akusonyeza pakalibe sangathe kuti mkombero wathunthu yatha. A msonkho kwa ankaona akufotokoza bola ngati kuli kofunika.

N'zotheka anatsindika mfundo zotsatirazi mu mbiri chopatulika chimene chinali ndi nambala 10, akuti:

1. mapeto a nyengo Nowa amakedzana zinachitika X atumwi (Byt.5).

2. Khumi zikuluzikulu malamulo a wopatulika Chikhristu.

3. Pemphero la Ambuye tichipeza mfundo khumi kiyi.

4. Udindo wa chakhumi ndi ankayimiridwa chifukwa chakuti munthu ayenera kuchitira Mulungu.

5. chiwombolo cha moyo zili 10 Kupeleka. (0.5 sekeli).

6. miliri khumi a chiweruzo cha Mulungu inali kuperekedwa mkombero wa Egypt (Iskh.9: 14).

7. mphamvu Wokana anasonyeza maufumu 10 chipembedzo nyanga khumi a chamoyo chachinayi ndi zala khumi fano la Nebukadinezara. Panali anthu khumi, amene adzayenera kukhala Abrahamu mwa lonjezano.

8. 10 anaphimba yokutidwa ndi zikopa (Iskh.26: 1).

9. Moto wotsikayo kuchokera kumwamba, ndendende nthawi 10.

10. amiyali khumi kufotokozera chidzalo anafuna: wokhulupirika ndi osakhulupirira.

Choncho, nambala iyi kuti anasankhidwa ndi Ambuye osati mwamwayi, chifukwa, kamodzinso ndi ofunika kukumbukira, ndi chachitatu chiwerengero pamodzi ndi ungwiro.

afterword

Polongosola mwachidule pamwamba pa zonse, pali zitatu tanthauzo la mawu akuti pansi review, makamaka:

1. Limodzi mpingo anachita chakhumi cha ndalama okwana amene umene mabungwe mpingo ndi anthu. Mu Lazaro wakale 'izo chinakhazikitsidwa ndi Woyera Prince Vladimir chachikulu Ubatizo wa Russia ndipo anafuna kuti Kiev mpingo Limodzi, ndipo kenako anapeza mtundu chilengedwe msonkho umene ziwalo zipembedzo zina kuposa mchitidwe umenewu.

2. Limodzi anatumikira chigawo kachipembedzo mu Russia, ndi mbali zina za chigawocho pamaso pa chiyambi cha m'ma XVIII. Pa mutu wa munthu amene ali ndi wapadera malo - ndi kapitawo. Ntchito yake kuyambira chiyambi cha 1551 anafa anasamukira ku desyatskim ansembe ndi akulu a ansembe.

maekala 3 m'dziko - Old Russian muyeso wa m'dera dziko. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma mapeto XV unali masamu mbali ziwiri ndipo ndi maonekedwe a lalikulu amene adzamenyane ndi wofanana 0.1 mtunda (2500 sq. Mayadi). Kenako, mogwirizana ndi malangizo chosaiwalika chibwenzi ku chaka 1753, dziko muyeso anali wofanana fathoms 2,400 lalikulu (mahekitala 1.0925).

Pankhani amaonera yamakono ya lamulo la m'Baibulo okhudza chakhumi, wokhulupirira aliyense kudzisankhira yekha, ndi nzeru kupereka msonkho kwa pamwamba kusanthula kapena ayi nanga ndalama.