Chabe waukali njira zolankhulirana. Kodi mokwiya chabe?

Osati aliyense amadziwa tanthauzo chikhalidwe chabe waukali. Pakali pano, izo akusonyeza zingapo zochititsa chosiyana. Tiganizire moposera, monga momwe mokwiya chabe.

mwachidule

Chabe waukali umunthu mtundu yodziwika ndi kukana kutchulidwa amafuna kunja. Monga ulamuliro, zikuonekera obstructive ndi zochita oppositional. mtundu chabe waukali wa khalidwe yafotokozedwera kuzengereza, osauka khalidwe ntchito, "ndikuiwala" udindo. Nthawi zambiri, zochita za anthu satsatira mfundo ambiri amavomereza. Komanso, umunthu chabe waukali lotereli muyenera kutsatira malamulo. Kumene, makhalidwe amenewa zingaoneke anthu ena. Koma iwo kukhala chitsanzo cha khalidwe chitsanzo mu mokwiya chabe. Ngakhale kuti mawonekedwe mogwirizana ndi ankaona kuti si zabwino, si kwambiri osokonekera, koma mpaka pamenepo, kufikira izo zitakhala chiwembu cha moyo, kulepheretsa kukwaniritsa zolinga.

Chabe waukali anthu: mbali

Anthu gulu amakonda osati kukhala ochangamuka. Iwo amakhulupirira Kukangana mwachindunji kumabweretsa ngozi. Kudzera mayeso umunthu zingasonyeze mbali khalidwe khalidwe. Makamaka, gulu lino la anthu amakhulupirira kukumana ndi imodzi mwa njira kusokonezedwa zakunja zochita zawo ndi ulamuliro. Pamene wotero ndi pempho kuti iye safuna kuchita osakaniza alipo amafuna perturbations kunja ndi kusadalira amayambitsa zotsatira m'njira zachiwerewere. Chabe waukali njira kulankhulana siyikhuzana kulengedwa kwa kuthekera kulephera. Udindo kusukulu kapena kuntchito anthu gulu alinso anakwiya. Ambiri, anthu amene ali ndi udindo amaonedwa monga sachedwa chilungamo ndi wankhanza. Chotero, iwo amakhala ena mlandu mavuto akuwuka kwa iwo. Anthu amenewa sangathe kumvetsa zomwe mavuto kulenga makhalidwe awo. Ofufuzawa dziwani kuti mwa zinthu zina, munthu chabe waukali n'zosavuta kusintha maganizo ndi zimene sizikuyenda bwino amakonda kuona zimene zikuchitika. anthu awa kuganizira zoipa zonse.

umunthu mayeso

Total chitsanzo cha mfundo kukana muzochitika akatswiri ndi chikhalidwe amapezeka akakula. Iwo anafotokoza m'nkhani osiyana. The mokwiya chabe akusonyeza nambala zizindikiro. mwamuna;

1. Postpones ntchito, zilibe kutsatira zimene tiyenera moyo.
2. Akhala kukwiya mdima kapena ayamba kukangana ndi munthu, namfunsa Iye kuti achite zimene iye akufuna.
3. Dala pang'onopang'ono kapena sachiza.
4. Akuzipanga kuti padziko zofunikira za zofunika apamwamba.
5. Alephera kutsatira udindo, kunena kuyiwala za.
6. Iye amaona kuti amachita ntchito bwino kwambiri kuposa ena, akuti.
7. Amayipidwa malangizo operekedwa ndi anthu ena.
8. Iwo amalenga zopinga kuti zochita za anthu ena, osati kukwaniritsa mbali ya ntchito.
9. Kunyoza kapena ena amene ali ndi mphamvu.

nkhani za m'mbiri

kalembedwe chabe waukali wa khalidwe yatchedwa kwa nthawi yaitali. Komabe, mpaka Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse mfundo sanali ntchito. Mu 1945, Dipatimenti nkhondo ananena kuti "mwana ayankhe" monga poyankha "ochiritsira asilikali zinthu zopanikiza." Iwo akuwonetseredwa mu kuchepa kapena kuthedwa nzeru, passivity, kubuka waukali, obstructionism. Mu 1949, a US onyamula Mphamvu mu zolengeza luso anapezeka mawu amenewa pofotokoza asilikali amene wapezeka chitsanzo ichi.

Gawo

The DSM-I anachita anali m'magulu atatu: chabe waukali, kungokhala chete waukali ndiponso yozungulira. wachiwiri anali yodziwika ndi kuthedwa nzeru, amakonda kugwiritsa ozungulira, kulephera kusankha zochita. Gulu loyamba ndi wachitatu osiyana anachita kukhumudwa (kulephera kukwaniritsa zosowa aliyense). Modzikhulupirira mtundu angapo wa zochitika za kukhala zizindikiro za sakonda, mokwiya. Khalidwe lake ndi losiyana chiwonongeko. munthu chabe waukali akupanga chosakhutitsidwa munthu wokanika, iye amayamba pang'onopang'ono, kuchepetsa nchito zake. Mu DSM-II khalidwe ali wa gulu osiyana. Mu mitundu imeneyi ndewu ndi chabe amadalira mgulu la "matenda ena."

Matenda ndi experimental umboni

Ngakhale kuti chabe waukali kalembedwe makhalidwe pang'ono amadziwika lero, mapepala osachepera awiri anapereka makhalidwe ake akuluakulu. Choncho, Koenig, Trossman ndi Whitman anafufuza odwala 400. Iwo anapeza kuti matenda ambiri anakhala chabe chabe waukali. Pa nthawi yomweyo, 23% anasonyeza zizindikiro siyana tcheru. 19% odwala kwathunthu kutsatira mtundu chabe waukali. Komanso, akatswiri anapeza kuti PARL Timaona akazi kawiri monga momwe akuchitira abambo. Traditional symptomatic chithunzi m'gulu nkhawa ndi maganizo (41% 25% motero). Mu chabe waukali ndipo amadalira mitundu mkwiyo lotseguka imathetsa ndi kuopa chilango kapena kupalamula. Studies akhala wochitidwa ndi Moore, Aligom ndi resins. Iwo anaphunzira odwala 100 anapezeka ndi chabe waukali matenda pambuyo zaka 7 ndi 15 pa matenda m'chipatala. Asayansi apeza kuti mavuto khalidwe chikhalidwe ndi mabwenzi lotha ndi madandaulo kwa thupi ndi m'maganizo ndi zizindikiro zazikulu. ofufuza anapeza kuti chiwerengero chapadera cha odwala matenda ovutika maganizo ndi mowa.

malingaliro zodziwikiratu

Apeza, zimene zimapangitsa anthu ndi PARL akuganizira wake negativism, kudzipatula, ndipo amafuna kuti musankhe kukaniza osachepera. Mwachitsanzo, zilizonse zimasamalidwira ngati kusonyezedwa rigor ndi bothersome. zochita ndi kuti basi chimatsutsana m'malo yosanthula chilakolako chawo. Kwa odwala yodziwika ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti ena akufuna ntchito, ndipo ngati izo zingatero, izo zidzakhala zopanda ntchito. mawonekedwe negativity imakhudzanso maganizo onse. Wodwala amaona kumasulira zoipa kwambiri zimene zinachitika. Izi ndi zoona ngakhale pa Phindu ndi ndale. mawonetseredwe Izi chimasiyanitsa munthu chabe waukali wodwala ndi maganizo. Zikatero, anthu kuganizira pochita chiweruzo kapena maganizo za tsogolo la akuzinga. Chabe waukali munthu amakhulupirira kuti ena akufuna nazo popanda kuweruza iwo pa mtengo. Ngati munthu afika anachita ayankhe zoipa, kukutanthauza kuti izo kachiwiri sanamvetsedwe. malingaliro Makinawa amasonyeza mkwiyo, lomwe limapezeka odwala. Iwo nthawi zambiri kunena kuti zonse apite mu ndondomeko zina. ziyeneretso za zimathandiza kuchepetsa kukana wosayenerera kwa kukhumudwa.

unsembe lililonse

Khalidwe la odwala PARL akufotokoza dongosolo lawo chidziwitso. Kuchedwa, osauka khalidwe la ntchito chisokonezo chifukwa kufunika kugwira ntchito. Munthu anakhala pa zimene ali kuchita zimene iye akufuna. Kukhazikitsa za yomweyo, ndi kutsatira njira ya kukana osachepera. Mwachitsanzo, munthu anayamba kukhulupirira kuti akhoza kuyembekezera ina. Anakumana ndi mavuto dereliction wa ntchito, iye akufotokoza kusakhutira ndi ena amene ali ndi mphamvu. Chingathe kuonekera mu kung'anima wa mkwiyo, koma ambiri mwina ntchito ndi njira chabe kubwezera. Mwachitsanzo, upandu. Mu misala, khalidwe akhoza limodzi ndi kulephera kugwirizana mankhwala.

mtima

Kwa odwala ndi zinthu zachilendo PARL zidzakhala mkwiyo ndi ukali. Izi mfundo n'zomveka ndithu, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti ayenera kutsatira mfundo zongopeka, iwo kuderera kapena samazimvetsa. Odwala kaŵirikaŵiri amalephera kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo m'munda akatswiri komanso moyo. Iwo sangathe kumvetsa mmene khalidwe lawo ndi zoikamo alipo bwanji zovuta kuti chichokera iwo. Zimenezi zimabweretsa popititsa kuyabwa ndi wosakhutira monga iwo kachiwiri tikambirane mlandu zochitika. Maganizo odwala mokulirapo Mzimuyo chiopsezo awo ulamuliro kunja ndi kutanthauzira kwa zopempha chifukwa chofuna kuchepetsa ufulu wawo. Pamene zimavuta ndi ena iwo amayembekezera zonse kupanga zodzinenera zake ndi moyenera, akukamiza.

Prerequisites kwa mankhwala

Chifukwa chachikulu zochizira odwala thandizo ndi madandaulo ozungulira chakuti anthu awa sakhala kuti muzichita. Childs, madokotala kuchiza ntchito kapena akazi. Madandaulo zokhudzana ndi kusafuna posachedwapa odwala kuthandiza ntchito zapakhomo. Kwa madokotala zambiri kuthetsa mabwana, kusakhutira ndi khalidwe la ntchito anachita atumiki. Chifukwa china kuyendera dokotala - maganizo. Chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ichi ndi chifukwa cha kusowa kwa Kukwezeleza aakulu mu dera ukadaulo ndi moyo. Mwachitsanzo, kutsatira njira kukana bola, kusakhutira zonse ndi zofunika zingachititse kukhulupirira munthu kuti sikugwira ntchito. Kuphunzira chilengedwe monga gwero ulamuliro komanso kumabweretsa mapangidwe a maganizo ofooketsa kwa anthu ambiri. Ngati pali zinthu zimene odwala ndi mtundu chabe waukali, kufuna ufulu ndi ufulu mtengo wa zochita zawo, iwo anayamba kukhulupirira kuti n'kusokoneza m'zochitika ozungulira, iwo akhoza kukhala ndi mtundu aakulu a maganizo.