Bungwe mankhwala maselo: zinthu organic, macro- ndi microelements

M'zaka za m'ma 19 mochedwa kuti anapanga nthambi ya zamoyo otchedwa sayansi. Iye akuphunzira mipweya maselo amoyo. Ntchito yaikulu ya sayansi - chidziwitso cha peculiarities wa kagayidwe ndi mphamvu, malamulo ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya zomera ndi nyama maselo.

Lingaliro la mipweya ya maselo

Chifukwa cha kafukufuku wogwira asayansi gulu mankhwala maselo wakhala anaphunzira ndipo anapeza kuti zinthu zamoyo wapangidwa oposa 85 zinthu mankhwala. Ndipo ena a iwo ayenera pafupifupi onse zamoyo, pamene ena apadera ndi zimachitika mitundu yeniyeni. A gulu lachitatu la zinthu mankhwala alipo maselo tizilombo, zomera ndi nyama zedi mokwanira yaing'ono. zinthu mankhwala selo kawirikawiri mu mawonekedwe a cations ndi anions imene mchere mchere ndi madzi anapanga, ndipo organic mpweya mankhwala omwe apanga: chakudya, mapuloteni, lipids.

zinthu organogenic

Mu sayansi, kuphatikizapo Mpweya, wa hydrogen, oxygen ndi Nayitirojeni. zawo ndi mu chipinda 88 kuti 97% ya ena zinthu mankhwala pano pa izo. Makamaka zofunika ndi mpweya. zinthu zonse organic mu zikuchokera maselo zigwirizana mamolekyulu munali mpweya mu zikuchokera maatomu ake. Iwo akhoza cholukanalukana kupanga unyolo (nthambi ndi unbranched), komanso m'zinthu. Izi luso mpweya maatomu magwero zithandizadi zinthu organic m'gulu la cytoplasm selo ndi organelles.

Mwachitsanzo, nkhani mkati mwa selo imakhala oligosaccharide sungunuka, mapuloteni hydrophilic, lipids, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya RNA: kutengerapo RNA, ribosomal RNA ndi Mtumiki RNA, komanso monomers mfulu - nucleotides. Chotero mipweya ali ndi foni phata. Lilinso molekyulu asidi deoxyribonucleic, gawo DNA lapansi. Zonse mankhwala pamwamba ali zikuchokera maatomu ake Nayitirojeni, mpweya ndi mpweya, haidrojeni. Zimenezi ndi umboni kufunika makamaka, kuyambira mankhwala gulu la selo zimadalira zili zinthu biogenic amene amapanga nyumba ma: hyaloplasm ndi organelles.

Macronutrients ndi matanthauzo

zinthu mankhwala, amenenso ali sizachilendo maselo a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo, sayansi amatchedwa macronutrients. amanena n'choti selo 1.2% - 1,9%. Ndi macroelements maselo monga: phosphorous, potaziyamu, chlorine, sulfure, magnesium, calcium, chitsulo ndi sodium wochuluka. Onse ali ndi ntchito zofunika kwambiri ndipo ndi mbali ya organelles zosiyanasiyana selo. Choncho, ion akakhala chili mwa mapuloteni magazi - hemoglobin, omwe amanyamula mpweya (zimene zinachitikira umatchedwa oxyhaemoglobin), mpweya woipa (karbogemoglobin) kapena mpweya woipa (carboxyhaemoglobin).

Sodium ayoni kupereka n'kofunika zoyendera intercellular: otchedwa mpope ndi sodium-potaziyamu. Iwo alinso mbali ya interstitial madzimadzi ndi madzi a m'magazi. ayoni mankhwala enaake a pano pa mamolekyulu wotchedwa chlorophyll (photopigment zomera apamwamba) ndi zimakhudzidwa ndondomeko ya photosynthesis, komanso malo anachita mawonekedwe kuti msampha photons cha mphamvu ya kuwala.

Kashiamu ayoni kupereka conduction wa nyemba mitsempha pamodzi ulusi ndipo ndi chigawo chachikulu cha osteocytes - maselo fupa. Kashiamu mankhwala zili ponseponse mu nyama nyama zonse zopanda mafupa dziko amene zipolopolo ndi lopangidwa ndi kashiamu carbonate.

Mankhwala enaake ayoni zimakhudzidwa recharging selo nembanemba ndi kupereka maonekedwe a nyemba magetsi ya kukondoweza chimapangitsa ubongo.

Maatomu sulfure ndi mbali ya mapuloteni mbadwa ndi chifukwa awo ukachenjede kapangidwe "stitching" polypeptide unyolo, potero kupanga globular mapuloteni molekyulu.

ayoni potaziyamu ali nawo mayendedwe zinthu kudzera nembanemba selo. phosphorous maatomu mbali ya zinthu izi zofunika mphamvu kwambiri monga adenosine triphosphate, ndipo ndi yofunika zikuluzikulu za mamolekyulu zidulo deoxyribonucleic ndi ribonucleic, ndiwo waukulu zinthu selo chibadwa.

Kufufuza ntchito mu kagayidwe ma

About 50 mankhwala zinthu amapanga zosakwana 0.1% mu maselo, wotchedwa microcells. Zikuphatikizapo nthaka, molybdenum, ayodini, mkuwa, cobalt, fluorine. Ndi yokonza otsika iwo amagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri monga mbali ya zinthu zambiri biologically yogwira.

Mwachitsanzo, nthaka maatomu ali insulin molekyulu (pancreatic timadzi chilangizo magazi shuga mlingo), ayodini ndi constituent mahomoni mabele - thyroxine ndi triiodothyronine kulamulira mlingo wa kagayidwe mu thupi. Mkuwa, pamodzi ndi ayoni chitsulo nawo hematopoiesis (mapangidwe maselo ofiira, maselo othandiza magazi kuundana ndi maselo oyera mu mafupa a inakhala). ayoni mkuwa aphatikizidwa hemocyanin pigment pano mwazi wa invertebrates, ngati nkhono. Choncho, mtundu wa hemolymph buluu awo.

More zochepa zomwe zili mu selo zinthu ngati mankhwala monga kutsogolera, golide, bromine, siliva. Iwo amatchedwa ultromikroelementami ndi mbali ya zomera ndi nyama maselo. Mwachitsanzo, mu kusanthula mankhwala ayoni golide chimanga weevil anali wapezeka. Bromine maatomu mu ambiri a maselo m'gulu la thalli a bulauni ndi wofiira algae, monga Sargassum, Laminaria, fucus.

Onse kale zitsanzo ndi mfundo kufotokoza mmene zogwirizana mipweya, ntchito ndi kapangidwe ka maselo. Gome m'munsimu limasonyeza nkhani za zinthu zosiyanasiyana mankhwala maselo a zinthu zamoyo.

General makhalidwe a mankhwala organic

Chemical katundu wa maselo a magulu osiyana a zinthu mwa njira inayake amadalira maatomu mpweya, yomwe zoposa 50% ya misa selo. Pakapita nkhani youma khungu ukufanizidwa chakudya, mapuloteni, zidulo mkati ndi lipids, lomwe ndi dongosolo zovuta ndi mkulu maselo kulemera. mamolekyulu amatchedwa macromolecules (ma polima) ndipo mbali chosavuta - monomers. Mapuloteni zinthu mbali yofunika kwambiri ndi kuchita zosiyanasiyana ntchito, zomwe zafotokozedwa pansipa.

Ntchito ya mapuloteni mu selo

Amuzolengedwa kusanthula mankhwala kulowa m'chipinda wamoyo, chikutsimikizira zili mkulu wa zinthu organic monga mapuloteni. Zimenezi ali tsatanetsatane: mapuloteni kuchita zosiyanasiyana ntchito ndi zimakhudzidwa mbali zonse za moyo selo.

Mwachitsanzo, ntchito zoteteza mapulotini ndi mapangidwe chitetezo - chitetezo opangidwa ndi lymphocytes. mapuloteni amenewa zodzitetezera monga thrombin, Ulimbo ndi tromboblastin kupereka magazi clotting ndi kupewa imfa zake zoopsa ndi kuvulala. The zikuchokera zovuta selo zikuphatikizapo selo nembanemba mapuloteni ndi umatha kudziwa mankhwala achilendo - antigens. Iwo kusintha kasinthidwe awo ndi lipoti khungu la ngozi kuthekera (Alamu ntchito).

Ena mapuloteni ndi ntchito zolimbana ndi ndi mahomoni, monga oxytocin, opangidwa ndi ubongo imene imalamulira kutentha kwa, pituitary wotetezedwa. Otuluka mu magazi, oxytocin pamene amachita pa minofu linga la chiberekero, kuchititsa lawo Ndikulichepetsa. vasopressin mapuloteni muja ntchito zolimbana ndi kulamulira magazi.

maselo a minofu ndi akitini ndi myosin timatha kuti kuotcha, zomwe zimabweretsa injini ntchito ya minofu minofu. Mapulotini, mmene ndipo trophic ntchito, mwachitsanzo, albumin Ndisanaumbidwe ntchito monga michere chitukuko. mapulotini mwazi wa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, monga hemoglobin ndi hemocyanin, okosijeni ndi anasamutsidwa - ntchito zoyendera ntchito. Ngati mphamvu zotha zinthu monga chakudya ndi lipids, kwathunthu ntchito, selo imayamba kuphwanyaphwanya mapuloteni. galamu imodzi ya nkhaniyi 17 amapereka 2 KJ mphamvu. Imodzi mwa ntchito zofunikira kwambiri kwa mapuloteni ndi othandizira (mapulotini, michere kufulumizitsa zosiyanasiyana mankhwala makontena cytoplasmic). Zochokera kumwamba, taona kuti mapuloteni ndi chiwerengero cha ntchito zofunika kwambiri ndi mbali yofunika ya foni nyama.

mapuloteni biosynthesis

Taganizirani ndondomeko ya kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni mu khungu, lomwe limapezeka mu cytoplasm kudzera organelles monga ribosomes. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya michere yeniyeni, ndi nawo ribosome ayoni kashiamu zimagwirizana polysomes. Ntchito yaikulu ya ribosomes selo - kaphatikizidwe wa zedi, kuyambira ndondomeko galamafoniyo. Chifukwa cha izo ndi apanga mRNA mamolekyulu, kumene amagwira polysomes. Kenako akuyamba mayeso chachiwiri - kulengeza. Transport RNA anamanga kwa mitundu makumi awiri osiyana a amino zidulo ndi kuwabweretsa iwo kwa polysomes, ndipo kuyambira ntchito ya ribosomes selo - ndi kaphatikizidwe polypeptides, organelles izi kupanga maofesi ndi tRNA, ndi tinthu kwa amino asidi umanena limodzi mwa maunyolo peputayidi kupanga mapuloteni macromolecule.

Udindo wa madzi mu kagayidwe

maphunziro Cytological kuti anatsimikizira chakuti dongosolo selo ndi zikuchokera zomwe timaphunzira, avareji madzi 70%, ndi nyama zambiri, kuwatsogolera njira madzi a moyo (mwachitsanzo, coelenterates) wokhutira ukufika 97-98%. Polingalira za bungwe ili mankhwala maselo zikuphatikizapo hydrophilic (angathe Kutha) ndi hydrophobic (madzi sangalowe) zakuthupi. Monga chilengedwe zosungunulira kumalo ozizira, madzi imathandiza kwambiri ndipo kumakhudza mwachindunji osati pa ntchito, komanso mu dongosolo kwambiri maselo. Gome m'munsimu limasonyeza okhutira madzi mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo a zinthu zamoyo.

Ntchito chakudya muchipindachi

Monga ife anafotokoza kale, mankhwala organic zofunika - ma polima - komanso ndi chakudya. Zikuphatikizapo polysaccharides, oligosaccharides ndi monosaccharides. Chakudya ndi gawo la kachitidwe kwambiricho - glycolipids ndi glycoproteins, amene anamanga wa nembanemba ma ndi nadmembrannye dongosolo, mwachitsanzo glycocalyx.

Ndiponso mpweya mu zimam'patsa kumaphatikizapo maatomu a hydrogen ndi oxygenation, ndi ena polysaccharides muli zambiri asafe, sulfure ndi phosphorous. Maselo a zomera chakudya ambiri: Mbatata tubers muli mpaka 90% wowuma mbewu ndi zipatso zimam'patsa wokhutira 70%, ndi maselo nyama zimapezeka mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala monga glycogen, chitin ndi trehalose.

Zambiri dzuwa (monosaccharides) ndi chilinganizo ambiri CnH2nOn ndi ogaŵikana tetroses, triose, pentose ndi hexose. Otsiriza awiri ndi ofala kwambiri ku maselo a zamoyo Mwachitsanzo, ribose ndi deoxyribose ndi gawo zidulo mkati ndi shuga ndi fructose zimakhudzidwa zochita za kuloŵerera ndi dissimilation. Oligosaccharides ali amapezeka chomera maselo: sucrose amasungidwa maselo a Beet shuga ndi nzimbe, maltose ali caryopses Zidamera rye ndi balere.

Disaccharides ndi zokoma kukoma ndipo mosavuta sungunuka m'madzi. Polysaccharides, pokhala biopolymers zigwirizana makamaka a wowuma, mapadi, glycogen ndi laminarin. Mitundu structural monga polysaccharides chitin. The Cholinga chachikulu cha chakudya mu selo - mphamvu. Chifukwa cha zochita hydrolysis ndipo thupi mphamvu lamamatira polysaccharides ndi shuga, ndipo kenako oxidized kuti mpweya woipa komanso madzi. Chifukwa, galamu imodzi zimatulutsa shuga 17,6 KJ mphamvu, ndi nkhokwe ya wowuma ndi glycogen, ali kwenikweni ma mphamvu posungira.

Glycogen uyikidwa makamaka minofu ndi chiwindi maselo, masamba wowuma - mu tubers, mababu, mizu, mbewu ndi arthropods, monga akangaude, tizilombo ndiponso nkhanu, udindo waukulu mu chakudya mphamvu umachita oligosaccharide trehalose.

Chakudya ndi osiyana lipids ndi mapuloteni, luso kuti kudzitsitsa anoxic. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri majeremusi amene akukhala m'nyumba ya akusowa kapena kusapezeka kwa mpweya, monga mabakiteriya anaerobic, ndi helminths - majeremusi ya anthu ndi zinyama.

Pali Ntchito inanso ya chakudya selo - zomangamanga (structural). Iwo kwagona kuti zinthu zimenezi akuthandiza nyumba ya maselo. Mwachitsanzo, mapadi ndi mbali ya maselo makoma a zomera, chitin imapanga mafupa akunja invertebrates ambiri amapezeka maselo mafangasi olisaharidy pamodzi ndi lipids ndi mapuloteni mamolekyulu kupanga glycocalyx - nadmembranny zovuta. Imakhala guluu wolimba - pakati pa maselo clumping nyama, imbaenda kuna mapangidwe minofu.

Lipids: kapangidwe ndi ntchito

zinthu zimenezi organic, amene hydrophobic (madzi insoluble) akhoza kuchotsedwa, i.e. yotengedwa maselo ndi solvents nonpolar, monga acetone kapena chloroform. Ntchito lipids muchipindachi zimatengera pa omwe magulu atatu a: kwa mafuta, waxes kapena mankhwala. Mafuta ndi ofala kwambiri ku mitundu yonse ya maselo.

Nyama kudziunjikira iwo mu subcutaneous adipose minofu minofu ubongo lili mafuta mu mawonekedwe a pa myelin m'chimake a misempha. Komanso amasonkhana impso, chiwindi, tizilombo - mu thupi mafuta. Madzi mafuta - mafuta - opezeka mbewu za zomera zambiri: paini, chiponde, mpendadzuwa, maolivi. The zamadzimadzi zili maselo Mitandadza 5 mpaka 90% (mu adipose minofu).

Mankhwala ndi waxes amasiyana mafuta kuti iwo alibe ku mamolekyulu wa zatsalira mafuta acid. Choncho, mankhwala - ndi mahomoni adrenal kotekisi, zokhudza kutha msinkhu thupi ndi zomwe ziri zofunikanso pa testosterone. Iwo alinso mbali ya mavitamini (mwachitsanzo, vitamini D).

Ntchito yaikulu ya lipids selo - ndi mphamvu, zomanga ndi chitetezo. Choyamba ndi chifukwa chakuti 1 galamu ya mafuta mu pogawanikana pamawere amapereka 38,9 KJ mphamvu - kwambiri kuposa zinthu zina organic - mapuloteni ndi chakudya. Komanso, mu makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa 1d mafuta yaima pafupifupi 1.1 c. madzi. N'chifukwa chake ena nyama ndi katundu yense wa mafuta m'thupi lanu akhoza kukhala nthawi yayitali popanda madzi. Mwachitsanzo, gophers akhoza kukhala matalala kwa miyezi iwiri, popanda kufunika madzi, ndipo alibe kumwa madzi ngamila pa kusintha mu thando kwa masiku 10-12.

Ntchito yomanga lipids ntchito kwagona kuti iwo ali mbali ya nembanemba khungu, komanso mbali ya mitsempha. Ntchito zoteteza a lipids imakhala chakuti mafuta wosanjikiza pansi pa khungu padziko impso ndi ziwalo zina za m'kati amaziteteza ku choipa makina. Specific matenthedwe kutchinjiriza ntchito ndi chibadidwe nyama kwa nthawi yaitali kukhala mu madzi: Nyama, zisindikizo, zisindikizo ubweya. Wandiweyani subcutaneous adipose wosanjikiza Mwachitsanzo, Nangumiyu ndi 0.5 m, dengalo likuteteza ziweto hypothermia.

Ubwino oxygen mu kagayidwe ma

zamoyo thupi, monga namtindi wa nyama, zomera ndi munthu, pogwiritsa ntchito mumlengalenga mpweya chifukwa zochita mphamvu kuwombola wopita ku pogawanikana pamawere zinthu organic ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa wina kuchuluka kwa mphamvu anapeza mu mawonekedwe a mamolekyulu wa triphosphate adenosine.

Choncho, makutidwe ndi okosijeni lathunthu la Mfuko mmodzi wa shuga amene amapezeka mu cristae kwa mayitirokondiriyoni, 2800 KJ mphamvu ndi allocated, umene 1596 KJ (55%) ndi kusungidwa mu mawonekedwe a ATP mamolekyulu munali kugwirizana macroergic. Choncho, ntchito yaikulu ya mpweya selo - kukhazikitsa kupuma aerobic, ozikidwa pa gulu mosiyanasiyana enzymatic otchedwa unyolo kupuma kunachitika organelles - mitochondria. Mu zamoyo prokaryotic - mabakiteriya phototrophic ndi cyanobacteria - makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zakudya kumachitika mchikakamizo cha mpweya diffusing mu maselo mu protuberances mkati mwa nembanemba plasma.

Tili gulu mankhwala maselo wakhala kuphunzira, komanso ndondomeko ya mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe ndi ntchito mpweya kagayidwe mphamvu yotere.