Buku muyeso. Russian buku muyeso. Old muyeso wa mphamvu

M'chilankhulo cha achinyamata ambiri ndi mawu akuti "stopudovo" kusonyeza molondola wathunthu, chikhulupiriro ndi zotsatira pazipita. Kuti ndi "mapaundi zana" - awa ndi muyeso lalikulu la buku, ngati mawu wotere kulemera? Ndi angati achite izo - n'kumamujompha mwendo, ngati aliyense amadziwa ntchito mawu amenewo?

Peck mchere awiri

Izi ndi akale muyeso wa buku la mankhwala chochuluka ndi wofanana ndi mapaundi anai, makilogalamu, pang'ono kuposa sikisitini, kukhala yeniyeni - 16,38 makilogalamu ndi mfundo lero. Akukhulupirira kuti dzina amachokera kwa pondus Latin, kutanthauza "thupi". Poods poyamba anayeza uchi, ufa ndi mchere ngati katundu ambiri athamanga, koma pambuyo pake izi muyeso buku kufalitsa mankhwala mwakhama ndi katundu.

Pakali pano mawu akuti "puds" anasunga othamanga woposa onse okha, powerenga kettlebell sikisitini makilogalamu ndipo amatchedwa - ". Makumi mapaundi kulemera"

Mu pud uyu anali suona chiwiya kwambiri kulemera - mapaundi khumi kulowa muyeso latsopano yogulitsa: berkovets, dzina lake anafika pa chilumba cha Björk, amene ankagulitsa amalonda wakale. Zinali kulemera kwa mbiya ochiritsira Kudzadza sera, imene ikanakhoza katunduyo m'ngalawa imodzi ntchito. Pafupifupi 164 pogwiritsa mu umodzi umene unagwera kuulukira! Ndithudi, Russia iliyonse wachiwiri anali opambana.

miyezo ya kulemera

Kuwonjezera mapaundi ndi Berkovtsy, panali ochepa Russian miyeso buku la mankhwala:

• Mapaundi, amene ankatchedwa hryvnia, inkakhala zambiri 32 kapena 96 spools. Malinga ndi mfundo zathu ndi pafupifupi 410 magalamu. Izi muyeso kulemera ndi chimodzi mwa ochepa mayeso a nthawi - mu United States ndi ku Ulaya Western kugwiritsira ntchito ngati zofunika. Mu Russia, ndi hryvnia anali kulemera ndi muyeso, ndipo unit ndalama, pokhala ambiri mwa anthu amalonda.
• Loti ukugwira atatu spool (12.8 magalamu) ndipo wakhala muyeso sizachilendo: unit wa buku pophikira ndi mu ntchito mankhwala.

• Spool (zlatnik) poyamba anali dzina la golide ndalama masekeli 4,26 magalamu mu masiku ano mawu, icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo amalonda zolemera pa mamba, n'kudziwa za tsiku ndi tsiku malonda: shuga, tiyi ndi mchere. Mu 1899, spool ndi mwalamulo n'chinthu chofunikira miyezo kulemera buku.
• The gawo ankaona laling'ono muyeso kulemera kalelo - thupi lakelo ndi za 0.044 magalamu, izo zinali mu njira ya apothecary lapansi. Makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu zisanu ndi magawo anali spool wina.

buku Phula Pimani

Tonga ooneka enieni ma CD ndowa (12 malita) anali choyezera zakumwa, lomwe, kuyambira m'zaka za chakhumi, anali anayeza mowa (uchi, mead, kvass, mowa ndi Braga), madzi kuphika lalikulu zedi chakudya pamaphwando ndipo zosiyanasiyana zipatso, kenako mbewu dzinthu, mkaka ndi zipatso ang'ono-kakulidwe ndi masamba. Chidebe A lagawidwa ndalama zocheperako ndi yabwino kwa ntchito kunyumba ndipo malonda mowa mu nyumba nyumba za alendo.

Kuti "vinyo" mitsuko totaled kuposa maudindo khumi, ndi okhwima arithmetical chiŵerengero akadali ndipo chinali angapo anayi: 1: 2: 4: 8: 16.

Chidebe A unagawidwa zikho khumi, zana kapena mazana awiri charok Shkalikov. Pa nthawi yomweyo panali kufunika mu mabotolo makumi awiri mowa wamphamvu, amene ankaimira komanso ndowa imodzi (mabokosi ano mowa wamphamvu mulinso ndendende mabotolo makumi awiri, kutanthauza kuti munthu ndowa), amene nawonso, ogaŵikana theka ndi kotala (malita atatu). Ena nthawi kugwiritsira ntchito "korchaga" limene limasonyeza kuti chidebe theka (malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, chidebe ndipo firii kotala).

Buku lalikulu ankaona muyeso wa mbiya kuti m'nyumba ndi ndowa makumi anayi, zimagwiritsa ntchito malonda yogulitsa ndi alendo, kuyambira malonda ritelo mowa analetsedwa kwa iwo. Iye anali kegs ka malita asanu.

Komanso, parlance amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha "nyumba" kuyeza muli omwe sanali okhazikika, koma nthawi zambiri ntchito: a kukatentha, chigubu, flagon, tues ndi bokosi, mphika, miphika ndi mphika, ndi matumba (ndalamazo zikuoneka kuti abwere ku maiko ), komabe mwakhama ntchito zoyezera mkaka: chigubu, chigubu, ndowa.

muli onsewa osiyana pang'ono mu kukula, kotero kufanana enieni anali.

Kodi kuyeza mowa

The heyday a "mitsuko vinyo" zinachitika mu nthawi ya Peter n'kukafika zamitundu lonse: establishments kumwa ndi pubs kupereka kusankha lonse la zakumwa wapampopi:

• kotala ndi malita atatu, umatchedwanso lalikulu galasi botolo ndi khosi yaitali.
• Botolo (umatchedwanso Russian botolo) munali mamiligalamu mazana a madzi.
• Makapu unali waukulu (by mfundo lero) - 1,23 malita - ndi accommodates ndendende khumi charok.
• Cup anali wofanana malita 0,123 ndipo akuthamanga chidebe kwa mafani "zakumwa", mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku panali slang dzina: Koretz (mbedza).
• Okwana - amaona zovomerezeka ponseponse kwa madyedwe limodzi mowa, buku lake linali chimodzimodzi zana magalamu.
• Stiffy - izo Anthu ambiri wotchedwa "kosushkoy" ndipo ukugwira makapu theka - magalamu 60.
• Shtof anasamukira ku Germany ndipo udzakhazikika, anakwana chakhumi pa chidebe kapena mabotolo awiri (1.2 malita) ndi accommodates ndi charok khumi. Pa mfundo imeneyi komanso mu ankafuna polushtof, wofanana theka la botolo.
• Kumpanda anali muyeso zing'onozing'ono buku zakumwa, sandwiching yekhayo 37 theka gram.

miyeso onsewa ovomerezedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa "hayala mlandu" mu 1781 ndipo anapulumuka mpaka tsopano.

Pisano zilembo zikuluzikulu

The zambiri ntchito muyeso wa m'litali ndi m'lifupi anali sazhen ndi muyezo. Angachiyeze yofanana ndi mamita chimodzi ndi theka - ndi kuchuluka kwa manja pafupifupi munthu, ndipo mayadi - kwa masentimita makumi asanu ndi awiri (nkuti, kukula kwa gwero linachokera ku mzere wa Petra Velikogo kukula, zomwe nthawi zambiri anatenga), ndiko mapazi asanu - ndi pafupifupi isanu mapazi. zonsezi anawerenga kukula miyeso yaing'ono mtunda mu ntchito yomanga maofesi - zinali yabwino ndi zothandiza, chifukwa "mzere" wakhala naye.

Kulinso ntchito oblique mapazi asanu ndi awiri - ndi mtunda pakati pa zala za kumapazi ndipo anakweza pamwamba zosiyana burashi ndi: mtunda anali mkati mamita awiri ndi theka. muyezo A ankalimbana ndi muyeso wina - kusuntha kuti anali ofanana ndi pafupifupi kutalika - 72 cm.

Pakuti muyeso wa zinthu zazing'ono

Chigongono, ntchito deta ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana, anakwana 38 kapena 47 masentimita, ndi kutalika dzanja ku nsonga ya chala chapakati ndi chigongono olowa. kukula Izi oyenereradi kwa amalonda nsalu amene akhazikitsa owerengedwa kutalika 60 chigongono.

Palm ankaona mbali chimodzi cha m'zigongono, ndipo ntchito mawerengedwe a m'madera ang'onoang'ono yomanga.

Chikhato unagawidwa options ochepa:

• Small chikhato (m'madera ena kuti ankatchedwa "kotala") chiwerengedwa pakati ambiri anatambasula pakati pa chala chachikulu ndi mkombaphala ndipo anakwana 17,78 masentimita.
• Large chikhato - pakati pa chala chachikulu ndi chala chaching'ono (23 cm).
• Inchi ndi linatembunuka ndi - ndi kutalika mwachizolowezi la inchi anawonjezera woyamba mfundo ziwiri za chala index limene limasonyeza kuti pafupifupi makumi atatu masentimita.
• Inchi - mu kakyulasi masiku ano 4,44 masentimita, limene liri limodzi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi cha bwalo a. Nsonga zambiri apereke kukula.

Versta - muyeso ili ntchito kuyeza mtunda wautali, dzina lake chachiwiri - "munda", omwe amatanthauza kutalika kwa Mzere wina m'mphepete mwa munda kufika ku woyamba wa khasu. zitsulo anagwiritsa ntchito kwa mawerengedwe a njira m'litali, misewu ndi mtunda pakati m'madera. Panthawi zosiyanasiyana, mosiyanasiyana anali zosakwana fathoms mtunda: Petulo I - 500, ndipo ulamuliro wa Alexei - chikwi.

Njira kuwerenga madera

Chifukwa cha analima ndi afesedwa m'dziko ntchito chakhumi (ndilo mbali zing'onozing'ono) ndipo mapazi asanu lalikulu. chakhumi wina anakwana fathoms 2400 lalikulu (mahekitala 1,093) ndi unagawidwa maekala poldesyatiny ndi kotala. Zisanu ndi mapazi lalikulu inkakhala mamita lalikulu anayi ndi theka, zomwe ndi mamita lalikulu 16. muyezo. Komanso izi mawerengedwe njira chitsitsi anawonjezera - ndi chakhumi cha chakhumi unsembe ankaona wa stacks anasonkhana (stacks) mbewu tirigu ndi udzu.

ndalama

Chisilavo dongosolo ndalama yodziwika ndi m'maganizo anatsindika ndi wapadera mtundu Russian: a quadruple (25 rubles), ndi ruble (dzina lachiwiri la rubles zitsulo), Altin (3 makobidi) ndi kopecks khumi ndi zisanu (zitatu × asanu = 15), kobiri ofunika masenti 10 ndi mite (mphindi Chip kunenerera , ofanana ndi khobiri limodzi) - zina zokondweretsa kumva dzina!

Pamene Petro malipiro a ogwira ntchito wamba ranged kuchoka pa masenti zisanu mpaka eyiti patsiku, ndalamazo anali wofanana ndi mtengo wa mapaundi twente mkate - ndi makilogalamu eyiti! Ndi kwambiri nthawi imeneyo.

Miyambo ndi mawu a miyeso

Russian kukoma unkagwiritsidwa bwino m'miyambi, kuwulula mokoma onse a dziko la maganizo, nzeru za moyo wa Asilavo mu wophweka, Kufikika ku Mawu aliwonse.

"Kuti kudya n'kumamujompha mwendo wa mchere awiri" - kuti ayenera nthawi yambiri yocheza ndi munthu kudziwa izo kuchokera kumbali zonse.

"Mal spool, koma misewu" - nkhani kukula.

"Pofuna kupeza mmene muyeso umodzi Down ndi Out" - kumva kulemera kwa chisoni ndi kuvutika.

"Kuchokera mu mphika mainchesi awiri, ndipo ukazchik yekha" - za mnyamata amene alibe zinachitikira moyo, osati kuyesera kuphunzitsa moyo wina.

"Ankachitira ndi muyezo wawo" - kugwiritsa ntchito muyeso wake, osati ochiritsira, kukhala zotengera malingaliridwe.

"Anyamata makilomita zabwino lumikizanani" - kuti munthu uyu akhoza kuchita chirichonse, ndi mtunda si vuto kwa iye.

"Zisanu namatetule" - kotero kuti anthu anzeru komanso kuwerenga.

Wosaperewera a masiku ano ooneka enieni

Gome m'munsimu miyeso ndi pano buku ikusonyeza mmene pansi ndipo akhala mosavuta, onse zedi.

Kunalibenso yapadera chiyankhulo cha Amalawi ndipo zosiyanasiyana zimene mungachite, onse wofuna kukonza galimoto mu chimango cha "moyo Russian" ali anapambana ndege kulenga a chinenero wamkulu ndi wamphamvu. Only ndi "ndalama za m'mbuyomu" - mwambi lalikulu, limene kusunga ukulu anataya.