British novelist Ayris Merdok: yonena, zilandiridwenso ndi zithunzi

Mmodzi wa alembi chachikulu cha m'ma 20 Britain Ayris Merdok anasiya dziko angapo mabuku apadera limene idzasonyeza m'badwo oposa mmodzi wa owerenga. moyo wake wonse iye zoyenera mabuku. njira kwake sikunali kophweka, iye anafunika mabvuto, makamaka kumapeto kwa moyo.

Origin ndi ubwana

Ayris Merdok anabadwa July 15, 1919 m'dera Fibsboro likulu Ireland, Dublin. bambo ake kubanja Presbyterian kuti zikugwira kuswana nkhosa. Pa First World nkhondo anali asilikali a pamahatchi, ndipo kenako anakhala mtumiki boma. Amayi Iris anali kuimba, anachokera ku banja Chingerezi. Makolo anakumana ku Dublin ndipo tinakwatirana kumeneko mu 1918. Chaka chotsatira iwo anabereka mwana wamkazi, iye anali mwana yekhayo m'banja. Mu 1920, Murdoch banja anasamukira ku London (bambo wake anali kalaliki mu malo a unduna wa zaumoyo), komwe anakhala ubwana wake wolemba m'tsogolo. Komabe, mizu yake Irish anadzifula okha ankaona pamoyo wake wonse, mavuto a Ireland nthawizonse Iris pafupi. ubwana Murdoch anali wokondwa kwambiri, iye ananena kuti banja lake anali "wangwiro utatu wa chikondi."

mapangidwe

maphunziro a kupulayimale Ayris Merdok apambana mwa wodziimira co-maphunziro kusukulu mu Roehampton. Kenako anaphunzira ku sukulu ya atsikana ku Bristol komwe anaphunzitsa "dona wamng'ono". Mu 1938, iye analembetsa ku Somerville College, Oxford University, poyamba pa njira Chingerezi, koma pambuyo pake anasamukira ku kalasi mabuku yakale yoyendera ndi British, kuphatikizapo chinkhoswe mu kalasi E. Frenkel mbiri Agamemnon. Iye pamsonkhano yangana pa anthu, kumene mnzakeyu anali Donald McKinnon. Mu 1942 iye anamaliza maphunziro ake kukoleji ulemu, analandira dipuloma ya digiri 1.

Chiyambi cha moyo wamkulu

Kupitiriza maphunziro Iris kupewedwa nkhondo. Pambuyo koleji, anayamba kugwira ntchito ku Unduna wa Zachuma. Koma mu 1944, Murdoch anapita kukagwira ntchito ku UN, poyamba ngati kalaliki ndiyeno othawa kwawo pa dziko lapansi. Iye anagwira ntchito mu malo konzanso UN mpaka 1946.

Mu 1947 Ayris Merdok anakhala maphunziro wophunzira pa Newnham College, Cambridge University, kumene anakaphunzira nzeru. Iye analibe mwayi kukumana ndi Wittgenstein, koma kumvetsera nkhani wake, iye sanagone nthawi: nzeru zapamwamba anapita kukagwira ntchito ku koleji ina.

chiphunzitso

Popeza 1948, Ayris Merdok akuyamba ntchito pophunzitsa. Iye amafika nzeru chiphunzitso pa College of St. Anne a University Oxford. Chochitachi iye anapereka zaka 15 za moyo wake. Oxford anakhala mapeto ake enieni: apa panali pa zochitika zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wake. Mu 1963, iye kale wolemba, iye anapita kukagwira ntchito ku Royal College of Art pa Dipatimenti ya General Studies, pamene iye anapitiriza kuwaphunzitsa nzeru. Mu 1967, iye anasiya zinthu zonse chiphunzitso, malire ndi nkhani zodziwitsa ophunzira.

Woyamba zatsopano zolembalemba

Lembani Murdoch anayamba ndi mochedwa. buku lake loyamba, "Mu Net" inatuluka mu 1954. Komabe, ndi bwino mu English mwambo wa zaka: wolemba wotchuka Dzhon Faulz anayamba kulenga awo katswiri mwini mabuku zaka 37, William Golding - mu 45. Murdoch poyamba zinali chabe ntchito chizolowezi. Iye analemba ndi buku "Mu Net", koma wake woyamba zatsopano zolembalemba sizinasokonekere anapereka kwa anthu. Ntchito yake adalenga preconditions kwa kulemba ndi anayamba kulemba mabuku ngati mafanizo luso kwa postulates aumunthu. Buku loyamba ndi Ayris Merdok, ndemanga zimene zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi kuchangamuka kwa kukana lakuthwa, ndi kaphatikizidwe zovuta za nzeru ndi mwambo wa buku picaresque. Buku kumaphatikizapo, malinga ndi magazini Time The 100 chosaneneka mabuku English wa nthawi zonse. Buku "Mu khoka" anali yekhayo zoseketsa analembedwa yakhala anaonekera mbali yaikulu ya m'tsogolo chilengedwe zolembalemba Ayris Merdok.

njira kulenga

Popeza anayamba njira zolembalemba, Murdoch anathamangira pa iye amakhulupirira ndi mwaphindu. Patangotha zaka ziwiri zoyambirira zinachitikira bwino akuyembekezera buku lachiwiri "kuthawa wamatsenga lapansi." Mu mabuku ofufuza 50-60s kupeza chikoka chachikulu pa nzeru za existentialism. Mapeto a 60s wa zinali zodzaza ndi kutuluka kwa mndandanda wa mabuku amene ofufuza lotchedwa "Kunena za chinsinsi ndi mantha", "The Time Angelo", "The Italy," "kuwadula", "chipembere". Iwo Murdoch investigates amene amadza pa zilakolako anthu owononga. Azithunzithunzi mzere anapitiriza Ayris Merdok buku "Wild Rose". Izo zimasonyeza kwambiri talente realist wolemba, amene miyambo anaikidwa ndi zapamwamba za English mabuku. Buku limafotokoza nkhani ya chikondi, ufulu ndi ukwati, Murdoch investigates ubale pakati pa zinthu zimenezi. Mu 1974, buku 4 mbali filimu kwa TV American analengedwa. 70s anayamba Murdoch nthawi ya kukhwima ngati wolemba. Ndi Cholinga kupitiriza mwambo wa Shakespeare, ngati chimake labwino la wabwino. wolemba immerses owerenga mu poetics wa zisudzo ndi kutitengera tanthauzo lakelake la ziwembu Shakespeare. Ndi "Shakespeare" mkombero wa mabuku monga "The Black Prince", "The Njakata ya Jackson" ndi "The nyanja." ngwazi Shakespeare pa Murdoch kupeza kumasulira kwatsopano ndi kusintha pofunafuna ubwino ndi moyo watanthauzo. Mlembi akuseka ndi ngwazi ndi owerenga, ndi pa okha. Zilandiridwenso 80s amakhala ndi kukula kwa masewera chiyambi, wolemba yamanga buku monga rebus, pamene tanthauzo sikuti encrypted mfundo zosiyanasiyana chiwembu ndi anaŵerama, komanso zobisika osakaniza zovuta mawu, allusions, maumboni malemba ena. Ayris Merdok buku "Sukulu ya ukoma" mu 1985 zachokera khalidwe ku psychoanalyst lake lapamtima, amenenso ndi wamatsenga ndi chiwanda, munthu wogwidwa ndi zilakolako za. buku imatchedwa chiyambi cha "munthu Murdoch watsopano" si nzeru zaumunthu, ngakhale anapitiriza ambiri mitu ya nthawi yapita kulenga. Mu buku lino ikuyamba zachilendo kwa wolemba didactic, chipembedzo. mathero ake osangalala zikuwoneka n'kosathandiza pa nkhani ya cholowa wamba wolemba. The mabuku a zaka zaposachedwapa kutaya wopandamalire chithumwa prose Murdoch, iwo kumatheka khalidwe chiyambi. buku wake wotsiriza unali buku lakuti "Njakata Jackson" mu 1992.

Pamwamba pa zilandiridwenso

Mwamwambo ankaona kwambiri Ayris Merdok buku "The Black Prince". Bukuli linatulutsidwa mu 1973 ndipo amatanthauza nthawi zambiri kuberekana ya wolemba. Buku ili wolemba kumasulira nkhani ya Hamlet, akatswiri amanena kuti otchedwa "Plato" zino. "Black Prince" chibadidwe lachinyengo, ophiphiritsa kapangidwe ndi olemera nthanthi chigawo. Zovuta nkhani zikuchokera ndi pamodzi ndi ambiri anasonyeza ngwazi, zonse izi ndi buku ovuta, koma osangalala kwambiri kuwerenga. Murdoch si kuthandiza wowerenga kupeza kutanthauzira wake buku la choncho zikuoneka zingapo zimene mungachite kuti chithandizo. Bukhu zinalandira mokondwera otsutsa, izo asankha kuti Booker Prize ndipo kupereka mphoto James Tait. Pakuti chimaonetsera talente Murdoch mulinso ndi mabuku "Dream Bruno", "The Sea, Nyanja" ndi "Ana a mawu." Buku Izi zikutipatsa ulusi zofunika wolemba tanthauzo la moyo, maganizo ndi zikhumbo mu moyo, vuto la ufulu.

nzeru

Ayris Merdok ntchito moyo wake nzeru zonse. ntchito yake yoyamba, iye analemba ngati anzeru. Mu 1953 iye analemba bukhu pa Sartre. Back mu chiyambi cha momwe iye anachita chidwi ndi nzeru za existentialism ndiponso mabuku oyambirira nthawi "kuthawa amatsenga" ndi "chipembere" zinapatsira ndi maganizo a kukuchititsa zimenezi. Kwambiri zochita pa iye, malinga ndi ofufuza, buku anali J.-P. Sartre a "nseru" ndi "The Wall". Angapo nkhani wakeyo akhala wodzipereka kwa kusanthula ndi wunika a Kant ndi Wittgenstein a maganizo. Chochititsa chidwi nthawi ya moyo wake unachitikira pansi pa chizindikiro cha Plato, amene anauzira ake kuganiza za ubale zenizeni ndi nkhambakamwa, pofunafuna moyo abwino. Mutu makhalidwe Pofunafuna wakhala lalikulu mu buku "Munthu ngozi." Ayris Merdok investigates kuti vuto la udindo wa munthu pamaso pa anthu, koma amagwiritsa azithunzithunzi kugonjera mawonekedwe. M'masiku ake am'tsogolo, iye wabwerera kwa kulemba ntchito ndi akatswiri analemba "Metaphysics monga Guide makhalidwe abwino" ndi "The existentialists ndi zachinsinsi" imene sfomulirovala maganizo pa makhalidwe abwino.

maulemu

Pa kulemba ntchito yake wazaka 40 komanso mabuku apadera a Iris Murdoch kamodzi analandira mphoto ndi mphatso. Iye mobwerezabwereza asankha ndi wopambana wa Booker Prize (kwa buku lake "Nyanja, Nyanja"). Mu 1987 Murdoch anali kupereka mutu wa Aulemu Professor wa Oxford. Mu 1988 iye anali kupereka mphoto yapamwamba ya Shakespeare. Komanso kupereka mu 1989 udindo wapamwamba wa Mtsogoleri wa Ufumu wa Britain Madona. Pa moyo, anawerenga oposa 20 nkhani aulemu ku mayunivesite osiyanasiyana. Mu 1997, iye analandira mphoto aulemu "Golden Cholembera" mautumiki ake pa mabuku English.

moyo

Monga mnyamata Iris anapulumuka uwiri sewero munthu: panthawi ya nkhondo anapha awiri wokondedwa ndi mwamuna wake - Frank Thompson ndi Frants Shtayner. Choncho, nthawi zina iye sakanakhoza muvale pachibwenzi. Kumayambiriro 50 ntchentche mu Oxford Ayris Merdok, amene yonena limanena kuti ankakhala yayikulu ya moyo wake pa sukulu ili, anakumana ndi mnzake Dzhonom Beyli. Iye anali mphunzitsi, zolembalemba, wotsutsa, wolemba, Murdoch ndi Bailey anali ndi zambiri zofanana. Mu 1956, iwo anakwatirana ndi moyo limodzi mpaka imfa yake Iris. Atamwalira Bailey analemba buku Iris, zimene filimu yotchuka inajambulidwa, analandira angapo "ma Oscar". Komabe, biographers ndi abwenzi Murdoch sanasangalale bukuli, ponena kuti ali kupotoza ndi kusinjirira mfundo. Mu moyo wake wake wa wolemba amaoneka ngati mndandanda wa mabuku ndi amuna ndi akazi. Monga momwe izi limafanana zenizeni - sakudziwika. Komanso kumvetsa bwino chifukwa banjali analibe ana. Bailey ananena kuti Iris sanafune kukhala mayi ndi anzake amanena kuti zochita za Yohane.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Ayris Merdok, amene mabuku akuzindikiridwa ndi anthu padziko lonse, avutika matenda a Alzheimer mu zaka zomalizira za moyo wake. Iye pang'onopang'ono anataya yokumbukira pa ntchito nzeru, sakanatha kudzisamalira. nkhawa zonse za mwamuna wake panatenga, amene anayesa kuti muchepetse moyo wake, nampatsa iye ku nyumba yosungirako okalamba. February 8, 1999 Ayris Merdok anafa.

Memory ndi cholowa

Lembani kusiya chuma cha 26 Kunena osiyana kuti nthawi adalowa dzina lake mu mndandanda wa olemba bwino za m'ma 20. Ayris Merdok buku "The Black Prince" zili m'gulu la maphunziro yunivesite pafupifupi mayunivesite onse mu mabuku dziko. Pa moyo wa Iris alemba mabuku angapo, ntchito mafilimu angapo anajambula.