Bonistics - ndi chiyani ichi?

Kodi amaphunzira Bonistics? Ndi sayansi kuti amaphunzira banknotes. Komanso, ndi chinyezimiro cha mbiri ya masheya a. Bonistics ndi numismatics n'zogwirizana, nthawi zina limodzi. Numismatics - nzeru za ndalama ndi makhalidwe enieni a zikhalidwe a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Iye anaonekera kale. A Bonistics anaonekera yekha mu 70s za m'ma XIX.

Mu Russia mu masiku akale a pepala kutolera ndalama, koma chinaoneka ngati amateurism. Kuyambira pamenepo, ngakhale anasunga zina makamaka amene anapanga maziko a bonistics Russian.

Bonistics

Choncho, kodi Bonistics? Tanthauzo yake yaikulu kwambiri. Mawu "Boom" zinachitika m'nthawi ya 19, ku France, kuti macheke dzina mavocha ndi sheya ena. Bonistics - izi ndi monga kuchuluka kwa kuphunzira akugunda kwambiri. Ichi ndi ambiri akuti kwa onse kamodzi ntchito pepala ndalama (m'matangadza, mgwirizano, zolemba banki, masitampu).

Bonistics - ndi sayansi, nalonso mizu dziko la anthu ŵakusanga ndi wanzeru, komanso numismatics. Komanso, mbali iyi kusonkhanitsa banknotes. Choncho, pali gulu lalikulu la ngongole ku Israel wokhometsa Gerber. maziko ake anali kuikidwa mu 1962.

Nthawi zonse pepala ndalama anachititsa chidwi modabwitsa anthu. The kupeza Muchipembedzo mayunitsi angatchedwe malo wopambana. Kusonkhanitsa - mwapadera yosungira chikhalidwe, makamaka pa nthawi yathu, pamene anthu alibe chikhumbo kulenga. Chifukwa cha mavuto amenewo ndi mphwayi anthu.

Ngakhale izi, cholinga tsopano kubwerera ku chiyambi cha chitukuko ndi kukula tsiku lililonse. Kuposa 4 zikwi Banknotes okhometsa tsiku lililonse kufunafuna mipata yatsopano kubwezeretsanso m'matangadza awo.. Ntchito pakati ena osati liwuli osowa, koma ananenanso ndi typos.

numismatics

Numismatics -, monga tanena kale, mwambo Maphunziro a ndalama ndi kumene anachokera. Ndipo mu Latin, nomisma amatanthauza "ndalama".

Kodi chilango ali ndi mwayi Bonistics kapena numismatics? Mtsutsano ulipobe. sayansi onse ofunika. Pamodzi amasonyeza mbiri chodzaza ndi ndalama pansi. Numismatists nthawi zonse ankachita Bonists owolowa manja, pamene moona mtima kukhulupirira kuti ndalama zimene zinasonkhedwa ndi osakwana mtengo wa ndalama.

Ndalama akhoza kundiuza zambiri zokhudza mbiri ya ndalama. Ndipotu, iwo zinapangidwa kuchokera kalelo. Kuonjezera, iwo ali njira yokha malipiro kwa nthawi yaitali. Ndalama - chizindikiro wopangidwa mwa chindunji zitsulo mawonekedwe chonse. Kamvedwe lero wathu la ndalama - wozungulira chitsulo. Pa mbali imodzi nihz akamachita chovala mikono ya dziko chiyambi, ndi pa zina - chipembedzo. Zikupezeka ndalama zonse ndi fractional, achikumbutsowo, kufanizira tsiku kapena kudzachita pomwepo. Mawu "moneta" anamasuliridwa kuchokera Latin monga "chenjezo."

Numismatists sikuti kuphunzira, komanso kutolera ndalama. chilangochi imatengedwa ngati Nkhata-Nkhata tsitsa. Anthu kusonkhanitsa ndalama kawirikawiri chifukwa nthawi zonse mu mtengo, ndipo chaka chilichonse kufunika kwa iwo zikuchulukirachulukira. Ndi kuchuluka kuchuluka kwa numismatics kuona ndalama zofunika amakhala ovuta kwambiri. okhometsa kwambiri kupeza ndalama osowa masitolo kumene amagulitsa Zosayiwalika kapena okhometsa ali yemweyo nawo chinthu chofunika kwambiri.

ndalama chidwi

Kumvetsa mmene zosangalatsa, ife inu makobidi chidwi kwambiri.

chithunzi m'nkhani, mukhoza kuona ndalama ndizo golide 999,9, kulemera kwa makilogalamu 1000. Mtengo mwadzina la $ 1 miliyoni. Ilo linapangidwa mu Perth (Australia).

No zochepa chidwi ndi chisangalalo ndalama rubles zikwi 50, amene amapangidwa 1 February 2010 Izi makilogalamu 5 golide woyenga bwino.

Ndipo mu Republic of Congo adzipangira ndalama matabwa, amenenso njira malipiro. Mtengo mwadzina la franc 5. ndalama kulemera magalamu 2.4 okha.

ndalama Russian

Russian pepala ndalama anaonekera mu 1769, pamene Catherine Wamkulu. Izi zinachitika pambuyo Ndondomeko ya December 29, 1768, linati kuti ndalama zoyendera zosavuta ayenera m'malo mwa ndalama pepala. Koma chifukwa chinsinsi cha kumasulidwa awo anali chilakolako cha Mfumukazi popanda ndalama kwambiri kubwezeretsanso chuma chopanda ya boma. Izo ziyenera kuti ndalama komabe khalidwe osauka, koma kale chitetezo mu mawonekedwe a watermarks ndi anasaina wa anthu udindo.

Mbiri ya banknotes Russian

Banknotes - banknotes kusindikizidwa pamene mabanki wapadera, lamulo unakhazikitsidwa ndi Peter III mu 1762. Anali Moscow, ndi ena St. Petersburg. mabanki awa ankachita kuwombola ndalama kwa ndalama pepala.

Banknotes amasiyana mzake kokha mwa chipembedzo, kotero ndi wosavuta achinyengo. Anthu wamba ndi ankasakidwa. Mawu pa banknotes anali anafukula kutali ndi oyenera zipembedzo watsopano banknotes. Choncho, mu 1771 amasulidwe banknotes 75 ruble inaima. Ndipo mitembo yawo achoka kufalitsidwa.

Paper ndalama n'kosavuta kuwerengetsa anthu. Pankafunika kuti apereke zolemba zina. Ngakhale kufunika mkulu, iwo anamasulidwa mwakuti ndalama yeniyeni anayamba kutha. Voterani inayamba kugwa. Komabe, anthu anali kupereka msonkho kwa chuma ndi pepala ndalama, mu zaka 1814-1815 Kodi agwa mtengo.

Chifukwa, Russia anapereka lamulo latsopano m'malo pepala ndalama ndi kusintha mavoti awo. Kenako banknotes chosonyeza busts ya mafumu, empresses.

Kuchokera utasintha masiku ano

Mu 1917, zinthu zinasintha. Mphamvu mu Russia ndi gawo la ine. Mu nthawi zino, anthu kokha nthawi penyani zikamera wa banknotes latsopano. Koma kuwombola akale zizindikiro latsopano anali sizingatheke.

Mwa njira, 1919 chinali chapadera. The Bolsheviks, amene panthawiyo anali ndi mphamvu, nafuna chikominisi ndipo ankafuna kufafaniza ndalama. Chiyembekezo chakuti wathunthu wa anthu sanaone, koma anamva kuchepekedwa awo. Ndipo mu 1921 tinayamba kusindikiza banknotes ndi kuchuluka atsopano. Pomwepo adadza chipembedzo mu 1922. ndalama Old anayamba umasinthanitsidwa yatsopano, ndi zambiri. Mpaka 1937. Pa banknotes watsopano wa dziko proletariat mtsogoleri Lenin anali ankafotokozedwa VI Anakhalabe pa ngongole mpaka 1993.

Kumayambiriro 1998, zinali otsiriza kusintha ndalama. Chipembedzo 1 mu 1000 kwambiri chepetse chiwerengero cha ziro pa ngongole.

Monga mukuonera, Bonistics - si pepala ndalama, mwa ntchito, komanso mbiri ya m'dera lonse la lililonse m'dziko, amene atsegula kwambiri mfundo zosangalatsa.